Abstract
By helping practitioners understand complicated and varied types of data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has influenced medical practice deeply. It is the use of a computer to mimic intelligent behaviour. Many medical professions, particularly those reliant on imaging or surgery, are progressively developing AI. While AI cognitive component outperforms human intellect, it lacks awareness, emotions, intuition, and adaptability. With minimum human participation, AI is quickly growing in healthcare, and numerous AI applications have been created to address current issues. This article explains AI, its various elements and how to utilize them in healthcare. It also offers practical suggestions for developing an AI strategy to assist the digital healthcare transition.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Healthcare, Applications, Cancer, COVID-19
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01614-0] [PMID: 35058619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1604033] [PMID: 27353537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1500523] [PMID: 25635347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-105] [PMID: 24725842]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv245] [PMID: 26072493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2810] [PMID: 24464287]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003377] [PMID: 22422992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu050] [PMID: 25769682]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa9364] [PMID: 26511511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3920] [PMID: 25948244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17216] [PMID: 27898976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.11.006] [PMID: 17188928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001145] [PMID: 22955496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3208] [PMID: 22549152]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/BII.S31559] [PMID: 26843812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/BIBM.2011.79] [PMID: 23242532]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2145-8] [PMID: 32269341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11886-013-0441-8] [PMID: 24338557]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0268-3] [PMID: 30617320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0216-8] [PMID: 31993508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2017.01.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.3580] [PMID: 35311917]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939778]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.7797] [PMID: 28727867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42] [PMID: 11440947]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003140351]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09332480.2014.914768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0253-3] [PMID: 32219182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00185] [PMID: 31632973]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.11.007] [PMID: 30527131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4233] [PMID: 30188539]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302164] [PMID: 25322302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.20866] [PMID: 31904799]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14539] [PMID: 26017442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature21056] [PMID: 28117445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7249] [PMID: 33909055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5308] [PMID: 24986233]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.24764] [PMID: 28272810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8240(05)80006-0] [PMID: 2185863]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01343-4] [PMID: 33990804]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa8685] [PMID: 26185244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2012.2205597]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2017.07.005] [PMID: 28778026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044442] [PMID: 28301734]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0508-1] [PMID: 31308507]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.149] [PMID: 28986230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.18391] [PMID: 29532063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-017-0715-6] [PMID: 28285459]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1819469] [PMID: 33103967]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2020.03.021] [PMID: 32349877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.18421] [PMID: 26864406]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2015.08.009] [PMID: 26774603]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2017.01.009] [PMID: 28171807]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3969] [PMID: 29019975]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3313] [PMID: 26252139]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.200535.115] [PMID: 27197224]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw226] [PMID: 27084946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3300] [PMID: 26213851]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813207813_0025] [PMID: 27896980]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw255] [PMID: 27307608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818438-7.00002-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep28517] [PMID: 27329130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku1058] [PMID: 25378307]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1878-3] [PMID: 29219068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2140-0] [PMID: 32269342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2187-1] [PMID: 29855387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep19598] [PMID: 26797014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/103614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4459-6] [PMID: 29764360]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/103663]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00025-15] [PMID: 27822512]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw074] [PMID: 26873929]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0852-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4226-0] [PMID: 29219072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx268] [PMID: 28882000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky567] [PMID: 29986088]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx196] [PMID: 28419223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx681] [PMID: 28973464]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.117]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ryai.2020190043] [PMID: 32510054]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0715-9] [PMID: 31907460]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2017.2760978] [PMID: 29035212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25988] [PMID: 29565357]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2016.7493320] [PMID: 31709031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5543] [PMID: 29419402]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5111] [PMID: 32432709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.154572]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(95)00061-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.208758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597428] [PMID: 8551980]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/42.538937] [PMID: 18215941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597177] [PMID: 8058017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527] [PMID: 16764513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2007.383157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3065386]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.90]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2017.97]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33128-3_1] [PMID: 32030660]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05267-x] [PMID: 29849160]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0717-604] [PMID: 28700560]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00236] [PMID: 31518132]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2020.03.025] [PMID: 32280433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00338-7]
[PMID: 31797619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025581118] [PMID: 33906951]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30304-4] [PMID: 32032529]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30192-8] [PMID: 32984792]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.001] [PMID: 32302574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(00)00110-1] [PMID: 10959774]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/462167a] [PMID: 19907483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3078] [PMID: 20168317]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-1-21] [PMID: 20150999]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv055] [PMID: 25638810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035254] [PMID: 22514724]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/448645a] [PMID: 17687303]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/adt.2019.944] [PMID: 31634019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180818666210813121431]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1169920] [PMID: 19520944]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03197] [PMID: 15602552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08506] [PMID: 19881490]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm010548w] [PMID: 12014959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-2126(02)00799-2] [PMID: 12121656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2011.02.011] [PMID: 21349346]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bby061] [PMID: 30084866]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200715104555] [PMID: 32669077]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407215666181214114927]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0232-8] [PMID: 32140566]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177544] [PMID: 28570557]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1799-6] [PMID: 31894144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.4.4.044504] [PMID: 29285517]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41379-018-0073-z] [PMID: 29899550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3874] [PMID: 29018612]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16516-w] [PMID: 29203775]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313706] [PMID: 31302629]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2017.2758580] [PMID: 28981408]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2019.101549] [PMID: 31499320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14645] [PMID: 31693124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2017.2705583] [PMID: 28541229]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22099] [PMID: 30702803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncy.22176] [PMID: 31412169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03405-5] [PMID: 28607456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195621] [PMID: 29649302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12012] [PMID: 32277744]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0295-5] [PMID: 30478442]