Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Perspective

COVID-19 Mass Vaccination and Flu Season: Concern for Decreased Public Health Measures and Worsening the Influenza Situation

Author(s): Azra Kenarkoohi, Jasem Mohamadi, Iraj Pakzad, Hojjat Sayyadi and Shahab Falahi*

Volume 23, Issue 1, 2023

Published on: 03 October, 2022

Article ID: e030922208520 Pages: 6

DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220903145208

Abstract

Reports show that other ordinary childhood infections like measles or influenza are likely to reemerge. The re-emergence of infectious diseases may happen due to the direct impact of the pandemic on the community because of decreased access to health and medical services, interrupted transport systems, weaknesses in the supply chain, flight restrictions, closings of the border, and international trade problems. The most prevalent cause (60.9%) for low vaccine uptake and coverage during the current pandemic was fear of exposure to the COVID-19 virus outside the home. The expectation and hope that the pattern of reduction in transmission and number of influenza cases will continue over the next flu season depend on continued adherence to nonpharmaceutical interventions and their long-term application. But there is always the fear and threat of increasing the spread of influenza by reducing the movement restrictions and low adherence to protective health measures due to vaccination. So far, not much information has been published about the interaction between different infectious diseases in the background of the coronavirus pandemic and related interventions. The purpose of this article is to examine the general effects of the COVID-19 vaccination on the spread of influenza in the coming seasons.

Keywords: COVID-19, Mass Vaccination, Flu season, Influenza, Public Health, NPIs, Public Health Measures, Risk Compensation, Peltzman effect, Pandemic Fatigue, pandemic, vaccine uptake

[1]
Sadeghifar J, Jalilian H, Momeni K, et al. Outcome evaluation of COVID-19 infected patients by disease symptoms: A cross-sectional study in Ilam Province, Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21(1): 903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06613-7] [PMID: 34479500]
[2]
Gheysarzadeh A, Sadeghifard N, Safari M, Balavandi F, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A. Report of five nurses infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during patient care: Case series. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 36: 100694.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100694] [PMID: 32405418]
[3]
Falahi S, Bastani E, Pakzad I, Rashidi A, Abdoli A, Kenarkoohi A. Environmental surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2: Toilets as the most contaminated surfaces in COVID-19 Referral hospital. Hosp Top 2021; 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2021.1969870] [PMID: 34445942]
[4]
Saberian P, Falahi S, Baratloo A, et al. Changes in COVID-19 IgM and IgG antibodies in emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Am J Emerg Med 2022; 52: 59-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.019] [PMID: 34864629]
[5]
Falahi S, Maleki M, Kenarkoohi A. An update review on complicated mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapy: Direct viral damage, renin-angiotensin system dysregulation, immune system derangements, and endothelial dysfunction. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526522666220321153712] [PMID: 35319400]
[6]
Kenar KA, Ravanshad M, Rasouli M, Falahi S, Baghban A. Phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus in hepatitis C virus infected patients in shiraz. Hepat Mon 2012; 12(7): 437-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.6133] [PMID: 23008723]
[7]
Ravanshad M, Sabahi F, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A, Hosseini RM. Prediction of hepatitis B virus lamivudine resistance based on YMDD sequence data using an artificial neural network model. Hepat Mon 2011; 11(2): 108-13.
[8]
Falahi S, Sayyadi H, Abdoli A, Kenarkoohi A, Mohammadi S. The prevalence of human bocavirus in <2-year-old children with acute bronchiolitis. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 37: 100736.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100736] [PMID: 32983545]
[9]
Fallah Vastani Z, Ahmadi A, Abounoori M, et al. Interleukin‐29 profiles in COVID‐19 patients: Survival is associated with IL‐29 levels. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5(2): e544.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.544] [PMID: 35284646]
[10]
Ahmadi I, Estabraghnia BH, Maleki M, Jarineshin H, Kaffashian MR, Hassaniazad M. Changes in physiological levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone upon hospitalization can predict SARS-CoV-2 mortality: A cohort study. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022: 4280691.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4280691] [PMID: 35251166]
[11]
Kenarkoohi A, Bamdad T, Soleimani M, Soleimanjahi H, Fallah A, Falahi S. HSV-TK expressing mesenchymal stem cells exert inhibitory effect on cervical cancer model. Int J Mol Cell Med 2020; 9(2): 146-54.
[PMID: 32934952]
[12]
Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A. Host factors and vaccine efficacy: Implications for COVID‐19 vaccines. J Med Virol 2022; 94(4): 1330-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27485] [PMID: 34845730]
[13]
Kenarkoohi A, Falahi S, Mirzaei A, Ghelijie F. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus infection among pregnant women in Ilam, West of Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21(5): e270421187571.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526520999201103193321] [PMID: 33155920]
[14]
Abdoli A, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A. COVID-19-associated opportunistic infections: A snapshot on the current reports. Clin Exp Med 2021; 1-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10238-021-00751-7] [PMID: 34424451]
[15]
Abdoli A, Taghipour A, Pirestani M, et al. Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: The neglected role of “co-infection”. Heliyon 2020; 6(12): e05645.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05645] [PMID: 33319101]
[16]
Kenarkoohi A, Maleki M, Ghiasi B, et al. Prevalence and clinical presentation of COVID-19 infection in hemodialysis patients. J Nephropathol 2021; 11(1): e7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jnp.2022.07]
[17]
Abdoli A, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A, Shams M, Mir H, Jahromi MAM. The COVID-19 pandemic, psychological stress during pregnancy, and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A neglected consequence. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 41(3): 247-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2020.1761321] [PMID: 32380881]
[18]
Maltezou HC, Theodoridou K, Poland G. Influenza immunization and COVID-19. Vaccine 2020; 38(39): 6078-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.058] [PMID: 32773245]
[19]
Ashraf M, Rajaram S, English PM. How the COVID-19 pandemic will shape influenza public health initiatives: The UK experience. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18(5): 2056399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2056399] [PMID: 35435806]
[20]
Wang X, Kulkarni D, Dozier M, et al. Influenza vaccination strategies for 2020-21 in the context of COVID-19. J Glob Health 2020; 10(2): 021102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.0201102] [PMID: 33312512]
[21]
Odone A, Bucci D, Croci R. Riccò M, Affanni P, Signorelli C. Vaccine hesitancy in COVID-19 times. An update from Italy before flu season starts. Acta Biomed 2020; 91(3): e2020031.
[PMID: 32921733]
[22]
Alsuhaibani M, Alaqeel A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8(4): 581.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040581] [PMID: 33022916]
[23]
Barach P, Fisher SD, Adams MJ, et al. Disruption of healthcare: Will the COVID pandemic worsen non-COVID outcomes and disease outbreaks? Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 59: 101254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppedcard.2020.101254] [PMID: 32837144]
[24]
Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A. COVID-19 reinfection: Prolonged shedding or true reinfection? New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38: 100812.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100812] [PMID: 33200033]
[25]
Falahi S, Abdoli A, Kenarkoohi A. Claims and reasons about mild COVID-19 in children. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41: 100864.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100864] [PMID: 33747533]
[26]
Solomon DA, Sherman AC, Kanjilal S. Influenza in the COVID-19 Era. JAMA 2020; 324(13): 1342-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.14661] [PMID: 32797145]
[27]
Krauland MG, Galloway DD, Raviotta JM, Zimmerman RK, Roberts MS. Agent-based investigation of the impact of low rates of influenza on next season influenza infections. medRxiv 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.18.21262185]
[28]
Bachtiger P, Adamson A, Chow JJ, Sisodia R, Quint JK, Peters NS. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the uptake of influenza vaccine: UK-wide observational study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7(4): e26734.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26734] [PMID: 33651708]
[29]
Krammer F, Smith GJD, Fouchier RAM, et al. Influenza. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4(1): 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y] [PMID: 29955068]
[30]
Ghebrehewet S, MacPherson P, Ho A. Influenza BMJ 2016; 355: i6258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6258] [PMID: 27927672]
[31]
Vemula S, Zhao J, Liu J, Wang X, Biswas S, Hewlett I. Current approaches for diagnosis of influenza virus infections in humans. Viruses 2016; 8(4): 96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v8040096] [PMID: 27077877]
[32]
Allen JD, Ross TM. H3N2 influenza viruses in humans: Viral mechanisms, evolution, and evaluation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14(8): 1840-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1462639] [PMID: 29641358]
[33]
Asha K, Kumar B. Emerging Influenza D virus threat: What we know so far! J Clin Med 2019; 8(2): 192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020192] [PMID: 30764577]
[34]
Noh JY, Seong H, Yoon JG, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Social distancing against COVID-19: Implication for the control of Influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(19): e182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e182] [PMID: 32419400]
[35]
Kuo SC, Shih SM, Chien LH, Hsiung CA. Collateral benefit of COVID-19 control measures on influenza activity, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(8): 1928-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201192] [PMID: 32339091]
[36]
Lee H, Lee H, Song KH, et al. impact of public health interventions on seasonal influenza activity during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73(1): e132-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa672] [PMID: 32472687]
[37]
Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A. Transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review of evidence. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38: 100778.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100778] [PMID: 33042554]
[38]
Amuedo-Dorantes C, Kaushal N, Muchow AN. Is the cure worse than the disease? County-level evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. National Bureau of Economic Research 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27759]
[39]
Lei H, Xu M, Wang X, et al. Nonpharmaceutical interventions used to control COVID-19 reduced seasonal influenza transmission in China. J Infect Dis 2020; 222(11): 1780-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa570] [PMID: 32898256]
[40]
Feng L, Zhang T, Wang Q, et al. Impact of COVID-19 outbreaks and interventions on influenza in China and the United States. Nat Commun 2021; 12(1): 3249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23440-1] [PMID: 34059675]
[41]
Crane MA, Shermock KM, Omer SB, Romley JA. Change in reported adherence to nonpharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, April-November 2020. JAMA 2021; 325(9): 883-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.0286] [PMID: 33480971]
[42]
Clinton M, Sankar J, Ramesh V, Madhusudan M. Changes in pattern of adherence to NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian J Pediatr 2021; 88(8): 837.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-021-03768-8] [PMID: 34021864]
[43]
Tao L, Wang R, Liu J. Comparison of vaccine acceptance between COVID-19 and seasonal influenza among women in China: A national online survey based on Health Belief Model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 679520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.679520] [PMID: 34150811]
[44]
Organization WH. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: Interim guidance, 5 June 2020. World Health Organization 2020.
[45]
Lazzarino AI, Steptoe A, Hamer M, Michie S. COVID-19: Important potential side effects of wearing face masks that we should bear in mind. BMJ 2020; 369: m2003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2003] [PMID: 32439689]
[46]
Mantzari E, Rubin GJ, Marteau TM. Is risk compensation threatening public health in the COVID-19 pandemic? BMJ 2020; 370: m2913.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2913] [PMID: 32713835]
[47]
Falahi S, Mohamadi J, Sayyadi H, et al. COVID-19 vaccination, Peltzman Effect and possible increase in high-risk behaviors: A growing concern on risk compensation and reduced compliance to Public Health protective Measures after vaccines rollout. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22(8): 8-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526522666220419133849] [PMID: 35440338]
[48]
Reiber C, Shattuck EC, Fiore S, Alperin P, Davis V, Moore J. Change in human social behavior in response to a common vaccine. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20(10): 729-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.06.014] [PMID: 20816312]
[49]
Jara A, Undurraga EA. González C, et al. Effectiveness of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chile. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(10): 875-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107715] [PMID: 34233097]
[50]
Antonelli M, Penfold RS, Merino J, Sudre CH, Molteni E, Berry S. Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: A prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021.
[PMID: 34480857]
[51]
Bernal JL, Andrews N, Gower C, Stowe J, Robertson C, Tessier E. Early effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector vaccine on symptomatic disease, hospitalisations and mortality in older adults in England. MedRxiv 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.01.21252652]
[52]
Hunter PR, Brainard JS. Estimating the effectiveness of the Pfizer COVID-19 BNT162b2 vaccine after a single dose. A reanalysis of a study of’real-world’vaccination outcomes from Israel. Medrxiv 2021.
[53]
Brewer NT, Cuite CL, Herrington JE, Weinstein ND. Risk compensation and vaccination: Can getting vaccinated cause people to engage in risky behaviors? Ann Behav Med 2007; 34(1): 95-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02879925] [PMID: 17688401]
[54]
Leuchter RK, Jackson NJ, Mafi JN, Sarkisian CA. Association between COVID-19 vaccination and influenza vaccination rates. N Engl J Med 2022; 386(26): 2531-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2204560] [PMID: 35704429]
[55]
Petherick A, Goldszmidt R, Andrade EB, et al. A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5(9): 1145-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01181-x] [PMID: 34345009]
[56]
Iyengar KP, Ish P, Botchu R, Jain VK, Vaishya R. Influence of the Peltzman effect on the recurrent COVID-19 waves in Europe. Postgrad Med J 2021; postgradmedj-2021-140234.
[57]
Ma F, Zhong S, Gao J, Bian L, Eds. Influenza-like symptom prediction by analyzing self-reported health status and human mobility behaviors. Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3307339.3342141]
[58]
Grech V, Borg M. Influenza vaccination in the COVID-19 era. Early Hum Dev 2020; 148: 105116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105116] [PMID: 32604011]
[59]
Mills MC, Salisbury D. The challenges of distributing COVID-19 vaccinations. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 31: 100674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100674] [PMID: 33319186]
[60]
Solomon DA. Seasonal influenza vaccination. JAMA 2020; 324(13): 1362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.14772] [PMID: 32797144]
[61]
Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of Influenza in children, 2020–2021. Pediatrics 2020; 146(4): e2020024588.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-024588] [PMID: 32900875]
[62]
Ilesanmi OS, Bello AE, Afolabi AA. COVID-19 pandemic response fatigue in Africa: Causes, consequences, and counter-measures. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37 (Suppl. 1): 37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.37.37.26742] [PMID: 33456661]
[63]
Dawood FS, Chung JR, Kim SS, et al. Interim estimates of 2019–20 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness-United States, February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69(7): 177-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6907a1] [PMID: 32078591]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy