Selective Inhibition of Soluble TNF using XPro1595 Improves Hippocampal
Pathology to Promote Improved Neurological Recovery Following
Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Katelyn      Larson; Melissa      Damon; Rajasa      Randhi; Nancy      Nixon-Lee; Kirsty   J.   Dixon
doi:10.2174/1871527321666220610104908
Abstract

Aims: To determine the efficacy of XPro1595 to improve pathophysiological and functional outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Background: Symptoms associated with TBI can be debilitating, and treatment without off-target side effects remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of selectively inhibiting the soluble form of TNF (solTNF) using the biologic XPro1595 in a mouse model of TBI.
Objectives: Use XPro1595 to determine whether injury-induced solTNF promotes hippocampal inflammation and dendritic plasticity and associated functional impairments.
Methods: Mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (CCI model) was induced in adult male C57Bl/6J WT and Thy1-YFPH mice, with XPro1595 (10 mg/kg, S.C.) or vehicle being administered in a clinically relevant window (60 minutes post-injury). The animals were assessed for differences in neurological function, and hippocampal tissue was analyzed for inflammation and glial reactivity, as well as neuronal degeneration and plasticity.
Results: We report that unilateral CCI over the right parietal cortex in mice promoted deficits in learning and memory, depressive-like behavior, and neuropathic pain. Using immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques, we observed the cortical injury promoted a set of expected pathophysiology’s within the hippocampus consistent with the observed neurological outcomes, including glial reactivity, enhanced neuronal dendritic degeneration (dendritic beading), and reduced synaptic plasticity (spine density and PSD-95 expression) within the DG and CA1 region of the hippocampus, that were prevented in mice treated with XPro1595.
Conclusion: Overall, we observed that selectively inhibiting solTNF using XPro1595 improved the pathophysiological and neurological sequelae of brain-injured mice, which provides support for its use in patients with TBI.
Keywords: TBI, inflammation, TNF, TNFR1, glial reactivity, synaptic plasticity.
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Graphical Abstract

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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527321666220610104908	Print ISSN 1871-5273
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1996-3181
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets

Selective Inhibition of Soluble TNF using XPro1595 Improves Hippocampal Pathology to Promote Improved Neurological Recovery Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

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