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ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

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Review Article

Immunopathogenesis and Immunogenetic Variants in COVID-19

Author(s): Pakorn Sagulkoo, Kitiporn Plaimas*, Apichat Suratanee, Andrea Name Colado Simão, Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche and Michael Maes*

Volume 28, Issue 22, 2022

Published on: 24 June, 2022

Page: [1780 - 1797] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220519150821

Price: $65

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread globally despite the discovery of vaccines. Many people die due to COVID-19 as a result of catastrophic consequences, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by a cytokine storm. Immunopathology and immunogenetic research may assist in diagnosing, predicting, and treating severe COVID-19 and the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19. This paper reviews the immunopathogenesis and immunogenetic variants that play a role in COVID-19. Although various immune-related genetic variants have been investigated in relation to severe COVID-19, the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) have not been assessed for their potential significance in the clinical outcome. Here, we a) summarize the current understanding of the immunogenetic etiology and pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the associated cytokine storm; and b) construct and analyze protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks (using enrichment and annotation analysis) based on the NLRP3 and IL18 variants and all genes, which were established in severe COVID-19. Our PPI network and enrichment analyses predict a) useful drug targets to prevent the onset of severe COVID-19, including key antiviral pathways such as Toll-Like-Receptor cascades, NOD-like receptor signaling, RIG-induction of interferon (IFN) α/β, and interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor signaling; and b) SARS-CoV-2 innate immune evasion and the participation of MYD88 and MAVS in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19. The PPI network genetic variants may be used to predict more severe COVID-19 outcomes, thereby opening the door for targeted preventive treatments.

Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, cytokine storm, inflammation, variant genotypes, NLRP3, IL-18.

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