Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Traditional Medicine

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2215-0838
ISSN (Online): 2215-0846

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Integrative Medicine in the Treatment of COVID-19: An Indian Perspective

Author(s): Ajay G. Namdeo*, Ryan Varghese, Yogita Kapase and Pradnya Kumbhar

Volume 9, Issue 1, 2023

Published on: 06 September, 2022

Article ID: e180522204957 Pages: 40

DOI: 10.2174/2215083808666220518095441

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Background: Over recent years, evidence-based modern medicine has overshadowed the use and efficacy of natural and traditional medicines. However, in the wake of the pandemic, the interest in the quest for therapeutic resources linked to traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine has substantially increased. This has further facilitated the research and development of potential therapeutic crude drugs or their formulations in the management of COVID-19 and the symptoms associated with the latter. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the various traditional medicines used as integrative medicines in alleviating symptoms attributed to the COVID-19 infection.

Methods: The literature was thoroughly browsed for recent research articles, systematic reviews, case studies, and review articles on ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar using keywords like complementary medicine, alternative medicine, and holistic approach to enlist a few. Subsequently, they were thoroughly screened to include only recent studies and evidence. Additionally, the official guidelines published by the Government and other regulatory bodies were also sought to be included in the article.

Study Design: The review article follows the narrative literature review method. However, the primary data was skimm ed for relevance, and only recent shreds of evidence pertinent to the review were included.

Results: The review elucidated the pharmacological activity of various treatment regimens in different systems of medicine, with available supportive clinical evidence. Additionally, it also underscored the importance of holistic health interventions, and how these traditional and integrative systems of medicine cater to the same.

Conclusion: The recent evidence presents a broad-spectrum effect of these therapeutic interventions, primarily in the fields of mental health, mild to moderate, and even severe forms of the infection, employing various pharmacological pathways. These studies primarily include studies and statistics pertaining to the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2) but may include supporting evidence from other respiratory viruses. This information may prove imperative in guiding new research, and also in designing and supporting an integrative treatment regimen. Conclusively, any suspicion pertaining to the COVID-19 infection should be sought by following the protocols recommended by the concerned health authorities of the respective region/country.

Keywords: Integrative medicine, COVID-19, Complementary medicine, treatment

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Shih HI, Wu CJ, Tu YF, Chi CY. Fighting COVID-19: A quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines. Biomed J 2020; 43(4): 341-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.021] [PMID: 32532623]
[2]
Ang L, Lee HW, Kim A, Lee JA, Zhang J, Lee MS. Herbal medicine for treatment of children diagnosed with COVID-19: A review of guidelines. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39: 101174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101174] [PMID: 32379639]
[3]
Seifert G, Jeitler M, Stange R, et al. The relevance of complementary and integrative medicine in the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative review of the literature. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 587749.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.587749] [PMID: 33363186]
[4]
Parasher A. COVID-19: Current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment. Postgrad Med J 2021; 97: 312-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138577]
[5]
Koichi Y, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin Immunol 2020; 215: 108427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427]
[6]
Hafeez A, Ahmad S, Siddqui SA, Ahmad M, Mishra S. A review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) diagnosis, treatments and prevention. Eurasian J Med Oncol 2020; 4(2): 116-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853]
[7]
Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25(3): 278-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13383] [PMID: 32052514]
[8]
Goudouris ES. Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2021; 97(1): 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.001] [PMID: 32882235]
[9]
La Marca A, Capuzzo M, Paglia T, Roli L, Trenti T, Nelson SM. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): A systematic review and clinical guide to molecular and serological in-vitro diagnostic assays. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41(3): 483-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.06.001] [PMID: 32651106]
[10]
Samudrala PK, Kumar P, Choudhary K, et al. Virology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and in-line treatment of COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883: 173375.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173375] [PMID: 32682788]
[11]
Cao Y, Deng Q, Dai S. Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 35: 101647.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647]
[12]
Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: What to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55(5): 105938.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938] [PMID: 32171740]
[13]
Sinha N, Balayla G. Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Postgrad Med J 2020; 96(1139): 550-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137785] [PMID: 32295814]
[14]
Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87: 59-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046] [PMID: 32334062]
[15]
Ahmed MH, Hassan A. Dexamethasone for the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A review. SN Compr Clin Med 2020; 2(12): 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8] [PMID: 33163859]
[16]
Izda V, Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. COVID-19: A review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clin Immunol 2021; 222: 108634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108634] [PMID: 33217545]
[17]
Samal J, Dehury RK. Can the AYUSH system be instrumental in achieving universal health coverage in India? Indian J Med Ethics 2018; 3(1): 61-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2017.084] [PMID: 28971830]
[18]
Priya R, Sujatha V. AYUSH for COVID-19: Science or Superstition? Indian J Public Health 2020; 64(6) (Suppl.): S105-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_500_20] [PMID: 32496237]
[19]
Ojha A, Ojha U, Ojha H, et al. Role of AYUSH therapies in modern medicine: A qualitative study to explore the awareness and attitudes of doctors towards the utilization of alternate system of medicine for diabetes mellitus. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13: 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S220444] [PMID: 32021386]
[20]
Bhawan A. Ministry of Ayush Available from:www.twitter.com/moayush(Accessed June 14, 2021).
[21]
Mishra A, Bentur SA, Thakral S, Garg R, Duggal B. The use of integrative therapy based on Yoga and Ayurveda in the treatment of a high-risk case of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 with multiple comorbidities: A case report. J Med Case Reports 2021; 15(1): 95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13256-020-02624-1] [PMID: 33627186]
[22]
Pandkar PD, Sachdeva V. Pathophysiology of Covid-19 and host centric approaches in Ayurveda. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13(1): 100380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.11.010] [PMID: 33519134]
[23]
Borse S, Joshi M, Saggam A, et al. Ayurveda botanicals in COVID-19 management: An in silico multi-target approach. PLoS One 2021; 16(6): e0248479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248479]
[24]
Shankar A, Dubey A, Saini D, Prasad CP. Role of complementary and alternative medicine in prevention and treatment of COVID-19: An overhyped hope. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 26(8): 565-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-020-2851-y] [PMID: 32761336]
[25]
Gupta PK, Sonewane K, Rajan M, et al. Scientific rationale of Indian AYUSH Ministry advisory for COVID-19 prevention, prophylaxis, and immunomodulation. Adv Tradit Med 2021; pp. 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00574-7]
[26]
Kulkarni MS, Kakodkar P, Nesari TM, Dubewar AP. Combating the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic through yoga: Recommendation from an overview. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13(2): 100433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2021.04.003] [PMID: 34172388]
[27]
Nagendra HR. Yoga for COVID-19. Int J Yoga 2020; 13(2): 87-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_27_20] [PMID: 32669761]
[28]
Pal GK. Yoga to combat and prevent COVID-19. Int J Clin Exp Physiol 2020; 7(2): 46-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ijcep.2020.7.2.12]
[29]
Henderson WR, Griesdale DEG, Dominelli P, Ronco JJ. Does prone positioning improve oxygenation and reduce mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome? Can Respir J 2014; 21(4): 213-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/472136] [PMID: 24927376]
[30]
Behan C. The benefits of meditation and mindfulness practices during times of crisis such as COVID-19. Ir J Psychol Med 2020; 37(4): 256-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.38] [PMID: 32406348]
[31]
Woods JA, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sport Med Heal Sci 2020; 2(2): 55-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006] [PMID: 34189484]
[32]
Rastogi R, Rastogi S. Concept of health and disease in naturopathy: An overview in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Hist Philos Med 2021; 3(1): 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/HPM20210122026]
[33]
Pradeep MK. Nair. Integrated approach of yoga and naturopathy alongside conventional care: A need of the hour healthcare strategy in the management of COVID-19 in India – An overview. Yoga Mimamsa 2020; 52(2): 70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/YM.YM_11_20]
[34]
Nikhat S, Fazil M. Overview of Covid-19; its prevention and management in the light of Unani medicine. Sci Total Environ 2020; 728: 138859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138859] [PMID: 32334163]
[35]
Maurya VK, Kumar S, Bhatt MLB, Saxena SK. Therapeutic development and drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.Saxena S, Eds. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Medical Virology: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control. Singapore: Springer 2020 109-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_10]
[36]
Prakash P, Meena R, Abraham S, et al. Evidence-based traditional Siddha formulations for prophylaxis and management of respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 pandemic- a review. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2021; 35: 102056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102056]
[37]
Kuppusamy Mudhaliar KN, Utthamarayan KS. Siddha vaithiya thirattu. Chennai: India Dep Indian Med Homoeopath 1998.
[38]
Fisher P. What is homeopathy? An introduction. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4(5): 1669-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/e489] [PMID: 22201984]
[39]
Moorthi S, Radhika P, Muraleedharan K. Psychological implications during the outbreak of COVID-19 and its homoeopathic management. Indian J Res Homoeopath 2020; 14(2): 136-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_30_20]
[40]
Jani NJ. Advocating Homoeopathy. J Integr Stand Homoeopath 2021; 4(1): 1.
[41]
Michael T, Michael F, Gernot W, et al. Adjunctive homeopathic treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients (COVIHOM): A retrospective Case series. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 101415.
[42]
Chimthanawala A. COVID-19: Cases cured with Homoeopathy Int J High Dilution Res 1982-6206 2021; 20(1): 2.
[43]
Farrar AJ, Farrar FC. Clinical aromatherapy. Nurs Clin North Am 2020; 55(4): 489-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.015] [PMID: 33131627]
[44]
Valussi M, Antonelli M, Donelli D, Firenzuoli F. Appropriate use of essential oils and their components in the management of upper respiratory tract symptoms in patients with COVID-19. J Herb Med 2021; 28: 100451.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100451] [PMID: 33816085]
[45]
Patne T, Mahore J, Tokmurke P. Inhalation of essential oils: Could be adjuvant therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2020; 11(9): 4095-103.
[46]
Kumar Swain S, Sahu A. Steam inhalation as an adjuvant treatment in Covid-19 positive health care professionals: Our experiences at tertiary care teaching hospital. Int J Curr Res Rev 2021; 13(5): 121-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13525]
[47]
Scarborough A, Scarborough O, Abdi H, Atkins J. Steam inhalation: More harm than good? Perspective from a UK burns centre. Burns 2021; 47(3): 721-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2020.08.010] [PMID: 32943275]
[48]
Cohen M. Turning up the heat on COVID-19: Heat as a therapeutic intervention. F1000 Res 2020; 9: 292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23299.2]
[49]
Gowrishankar S, Muthumanickam S, Kamaladevi A, et al. Promising phytochemicals of traditional Indian herbal steam inhalation therapy to combat COVID-19 - An in silico study. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 148: 111966.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111966] [PMID: 33412235]
[50]
Rizzo MR, Paolisso G. SARS-CoV-2 emergency and long-term cognitive impairment in older people. Aging Dis 2021; 12(2): 345-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.0109] [PMID: 33815868]
[51]
da Silveira MP, da Silva Fagundes KK, Bizuti MR, et al. Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: An integrative review of the current literature. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21(1): 15-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3] [PMID: 32728975]
[52]
Wittmer VL, Paro FM, Duarte H, Capellini VK, Barbalho-Moulim MC. Early mobilization and physical exercise in patients with COVID-19: A narrative literature review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 43: 101364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101364] [PMID: 33743391]
[53]
Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: Regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev 2000; 80(3): 1055-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055] [PMID: 10893431]
[54]
Furtado GE, Letieri RV, Caldo-Silva A, et al. Sustaining efficient immune functions with regular physical exercise in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51(5): e13485.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.13485] [PMID: 33393082]
[55]
Nikolaidis MG, Margaritelis NV, Matsakas A. Quantitative redox biology of exercise. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41(10): 633-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1157-9043] [PMID: 32455453]
[56]
Thomas P, Baldwin C, Bissett B, et al. Physiotherapy management for COVID-19 in the acute hospital setting: Recommendations to guide clinical practice. Pneumon 2020; 33(1): 32-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2020.03.011] [PMID: 32312646]
[57]
Cabillic M, Gouilly P, Reychler G. Manual airway clearance techniques in adults and adolescents: What level of evidence? Rev Mal Respir 2018; 35(5): 495-520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2015.12.004] [PMID: 27086120]
[58]
Righetti RF, Onoue MA, Politi FVA, et al. Physiotherapy care of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)-a Brazilian experience. Clinics (São Paulo) 2020; 75: e2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e2017] [PMID: 32578825]
[59]
Rizk JG. Pharmaco-immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19. Drugs 2020; 80: 1267-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01367-z]
[60]
Burrage DR, Koushesh S, Sofat N. Immunomodulatory drugs in the management of SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 1844.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01844] [PMID: 32903555]
[61]
Doshi GM, Une HD, Shanbhag PP. Rasayans and non-rasayans herbs: Future immunodrug - Targets. Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7(14): 92-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.120506] [PMID: 24347916]
[62]
Chulet R, Pradhan P. A review on rasayana 2009; 3
[63]
Gupta H, Gupta M, Bhargava S. Potential use of turmeric in COVID-19. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45(7): 902-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ced.14357] [PMID: 32608046]
[64]
Gupta SC, Sung B, Kim JH, Prasad S, Li S, Aggarwal BB. Multitargeting by turmeric, the golden spice: From kitchen to clinic. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57(9): 1510-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100741] [PMID: 22887802]
[65]
Nelson KM, Dahlin JL, Bisson J, Graham J, Pauli GF, Walters MA. The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin. J Med Chem 2017; 60(5): 1620-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00975] [PMID: 28074653]
[66]
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry 2015; 117: 554-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.012] [PMID: 26228533]
[67]
Thota SM, Balan V, Sivaramakrishnan V. Natural products as home-based prophylactic and symptom management agents in the setting of COVID-19. Phytother Res 2020; 34(12): 3148-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6794] [PMID: 32881214]
[68]
Adaki S, Adaki R, Shah K, Karagir A. Garlic: Review of literature. Indian J Cancer 2014; 51: 577-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.175383]
[69]
Saleem S, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Bukhari SNA. A comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica. Phytother Res 2018; 32(7): 1241-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6076] [PMID: 29671907]
[70]
Rezzoug M, Bakchiche B, Gherib A, et al. Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils and Ethanolic extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. and Thymus algeriensis Boiss. & Reut. from the Algerian Saharan Atlas. BMC Complement Altern Med 2019; 19(1): 146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2556-y] [PMID: 31227024]
[71]
Sestili P, Ismail T, Calcabrini C, et al. The potential effects of Ocimum basilicum on health: A review of pharmacological and toxicological studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14(7): 679-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2018.1484450] [PMID: 29865879]
[72]
Batiha GES, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG, Beshbishy AM, Nadwa EH, Rashwan EK. Syzygium aromaticum L. (myrtaceae): Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules 2020; 10(2): 202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020202] [PMID: 32019140]
[73]
Vicidomini C, Roviello V, Roviello GN. Molecular basis of the therapeutical potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and clues to its anti-COVID-19 utility. Molecules 2021; 26(7): 1880.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071880] [PMID: 33810416]
[74]
Takooree H, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KRR, et al. A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): From folk uses to pharmacological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 9(sup1): S210-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1565489]
[75]
Hariri M, Ghiasvand R. Cinnamon and chronic diseases. In Gupta S, Prasad S, Aggarwal B, Eds. Drug discovery from mother nature. Advances in experimental medicine and biology Cham: Springer. 2016; 929: pp. 1-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_1]
[76]
El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A, Abdel-Daim MM, Prasad Devkota H. Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological and toxicological activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (fabaceae). Biomolecules 2020; 10(3): E352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030352] [PMID: 32106571]
[77]
Murck H. Symptomatic protective action of glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 infection? Front Immunol 2020; 11: 1239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01239] [PMID: 32574273]
[78]
Dhama K, Sachan S, Khandia R, et al. Medicinal and beneficial health applications of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi): A miraculous herb countering various diseases/disorders and its immunomodulatory effects. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov 2017; 10(2): 96-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872214811666170301105101] [PMID: 28260522]
[79]
Balkrishna A, Khandrika L, Varshney A. Giloy Ghanvati (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thomson) reversed SARS-CoV-2 viral spike-protein induced disease phenotype in the xenotrans plant model of humanized zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12: 635510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.635510] [PMID: 33953674]
[80]
Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Szopa A, Ekiert H. Citrus limon (Lemon) phenomenon—a review of the chemistry, pharmacological properties, applications in the modern pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries, and biotechnological studies. Plants 2020; 9(1): E119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119] [PMID: 31963590]
[81]
Dar NJ, Hamid A, Ahmad M. Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72(23): 4445-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-2012-1] [PMID: 26306935]
[82]
Kashyap VK, Dhasmana A, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC, Jaggi M. Withania somnifera as a potential future drug molecule for COVID-19. Future Drug Discov 2020; 2(4): FDD50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fdd-2020-0024] [PMID: 33269342]
[83]
Jovic TH, Ali SR, Ibrahim N, et al. Could vitamins help in the fight against covid-19? Nutrients 2020; 12(9): 1-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092550] [PMID: 32842513]
[84]
Li R, Wu K, Li Y, et al. Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12(15): 15784-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.103888] [PMID: 32805728]
[85]
Abobaker A, Alzwi A, Alraied AHA. Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-19. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72(6): 1517-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43440-020-00176-1] [PMID: 33113146]
[86]
Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13(10): 1373-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021] [PMID: 32605780]
[87]
de Almeida Brasiel PG. The key role of zinc in elderly immunity: A possible approach in the COVID-19 crisis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 38: 65-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.06.003] [PMID: 32690179]
[88]
Bae M, Kim H. Mini-review on the roles of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in the immune system against COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25(22): E5346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225346] [PMID: 33207753]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy