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Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

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ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

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Research Article

Anti-toxoplasma and Cytotoxic Activities of Holothuria leucospilota Extract and TiO2NPs In vitro and In vivo

Author(s): Negar Asadi, Elham Yousefi*, Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh and Shahram Khademvatan*

Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022

Published on: 16 February, 2022

Article ID: e170122200295 Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220117120303

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: An impressive treatment for toxoplasmosis is the combinatory use of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. However, both the drugs involve significant side effects and toxicity for the host. Therefore, the discovery of new anti-toxoplasma medications with high efficacy and less to no side effects is urgently needed.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-toxoplasmic effects of Holothuria leucospilota (H. leucospilota) extract and TiO2NPs on the cell death of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) tachyzoites in vitro and serum liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), and also to evaluate the immune response and production of IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in a mouse model.

Materials and Methods: The cytotoxicity of TiO2NPs and H. leucospilota extract against the tachyzoite of T. gondii was evaluated by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The levels of serum TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-5, and liver enzymes were measured, as well. All the groups were subjected to T. gondii, and the survival rate of experimental mice was evaluated.

Results: Our findings suggested in vivo and in vitro anti-toxoplasmic activity of TiO2NPs and H. leucospilota extract by inhibiting the proliferation and invasion of T. gondii tachyzoite. In addition, a significant increase in IFN-γ and TNF-α production was observed in mice treated with high doses of TiO2NPs and H. leucospilota extract. However, IL-5 levels decreased in TiO2NPs and H. leucospilota extract-treated mice. Our results also showed a highly significant increase (P < 0.05) in the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP in the groups injected with TiO2NPs and H. leucospilota extract, but not the control group.

Conclusion: TiO2NPs and H. leucospilota extract have greater anti-toxoplasma effects in vitro and in vivo. These two compounds could be considered as a candidate for use against toxoplasmosis, both therapeutically and prophylactically.

Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, H. leucospilota, titanium dioxide, BALB/c, immunomodulatory, nanoparticles, liver enzymes.

Graphical Abstract

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