Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Cardiology Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Ventricular Arrhythmias in Seniors with Heart Failure: Present Dilemmas and Therapeutic Considerations: A Systematic Review

Author(s): Tuoyo O Mene-Afejuku*, Abayomi O Bamgboje, Modele O Ogunniyi, Ola Akinboboye and Uzoma N Ibebuogu

Volume 18, Issue 2, 2022

Published on: 30 November, 2021

Article ID: e181021197279 Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1573403X17666211018095324

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Heart Failure (HF) is a global public health problem, which affects over 23 million people worldwide. The prevalence of HF is higher among seniors in the USA and other developed countries. Ventricular Arrhythmias (VAs) account for 50% of deaths among patients with HF. We aim to elucidate the factors associated with VAs among seniors with HF, as well as therapies that may improve the outcomes.

Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library databases, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched using specific keywords. The reference lists of relevant articles were searched for additional studies related to HF and VAs among seniors as well as associated outcomes.

Results: The prevalence of VAs increases with worsening HF. A 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram may be useful in risk stratifying patients for device therapy if they do not meet the criterion of low ventricular ejection fraction. Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICDs) are superior to anti-arrhythmic drugs in reducing mortality in patients with HF. Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy (GDMT) together with device therapy may be required to reduce symptoms. In general, the proportion of seniors on GDMT is low. A combination of ICDs and cardiac resynchronization therapy may improve outcomes in selected patients.

Conclusion: Seniors with HF and VAs have high mortality even with the use of device therapy and GDMT. The holistic effect of device therapy on outcomes among seniors with HF is equivocal. More studies focused on seniors with advanced HF as well as therapeutic options are, therefore, required.

Keywords: Device therapy, heart failure, mortality, outcomes, seniors, ventricular arrhythmias.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Roger VL. Epidemiology of heart failure. Circ Res 2013; 113(6): 646-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300268] [PMID: 23989710]
[2]
Díez-Villanueva P, Alfonso F. Heart failure in the elderly. J Geriatr Cardiol 2016; 13(2): 115-7.
[PMID: 27168735]
[3]
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013; 127(1): 143-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318282ab8f] [PMID: 23283859]
[4]
Goldberg RJ, Spencer FA, Farmer C, Meyer TE, Pezzella S. Incidence and hospital death rates associated with heart failure: a community-wide perspective. Am J Med 2005; 118(7): 728-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.013] [PMID: 15989906]
[5]
Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC, et al. Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure The Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 2004; 25(18): 1614-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.038] [PMID: 15351160]
[6]
Hines AL, Barrett ML, Jiang HJ, Steiner CA. Conditions with the largest number of adult hospital readmissions by payer 2011. statistical brief# 172.
[7]
Gupta A, Allen LA, Bhatt DL, et al. Association of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program Implementation With Readmission and Mortality Outcomes in Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 3(1): 44-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4265] [PMID: 29128869]
[8]
Pons F, Lupón J, Urrutia A, et al. Mortality and cause of death in patients with heart failure: findings at a specialist multidisciplinary heart failure unit. Rev Esp Cardiol 2010; 63(3): 303-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-8932(10)70089-0] [PMID: 20196991]
[9]
Poole-Wilson PA, Uretsky BF, Thygesen K, Cleland JG, Massie BM, Rydén L. Atlas Study Group. Assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival. Mode of death in heart failure: findings from the ATLAS trial. Heart 2003; 89(1): 42-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heart.89.1.42] [PMID: 12482789]
[10]
Santangeli P, Rame JE, Birati EY, Marchlinski FE. Management of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69(14): 1842-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.047] [PMID: 28385314]
[11]
Barbosa RS, Glass L, Proietti R, et al. Pattern of initiation of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and implications on tachycardia mechanism. Minerva Cardioangiol 2017; 65(4): 357-68.
[PMID: 28240517]
[12]
Mene-Afejuku TO, Balogun MO, Akintomide AO, Adebayo RA. Prognostic indices among hypertensive heart failure patients in Nigeria: the roles of 24-hour Holter electrocardiography and 6-minute walk test. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2017; 13: 71-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S124477] [PMID: 28280349]
[13]
Lip GY, Heinzel FR, Gaita F, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association/Heart Failure Association joint consensus document on arrhythmias in heart failure, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Europace 2016; 18(1): 12-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv191] [PMID: 26297713]
[14]
Owens AT, Brozena SC, Jessup M. New management strategies in heart failure. Circ Res 2016; 118(3): 480-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306567] [PMID: 26846642]
[15]
Pogwizd SM, Schlotthauer K, Li L, Yuan W, Bers DM. Arrhythmogenesis and contractile dysfunction in heart failure: Roles of sodium-calcium exchange, inward rectifier potassium current, and residual beta-adrenergic responsiveness. Circ Res 2001; 88(11): 1159-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hh1101.091193] [PMID: 11397782]
[16]
Beuckelmann DJ, Näbauer M, Erdmann E. Alterations of K+ currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circ Res 1993; 73(2): 379-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.73.2.379] [PMID: 8330380]
[17]
Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR. Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89(9): 1401-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1477-x] [PMID: 25708889]
[18]
Johnson DM, Antoons G. Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in Heart Failure: Linking β-Adrenergic Stimulation, Stretch, and Calcium. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 1453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01453] [PMID: 30374311]
[19]
Dangman KH, Danilo P Jr, Hordof AJ, Mary-Rabine L, Reder RF, Rosen MR. Electrophysiologic characteristics of human ventricular and Purkinje fibers. Circulation 1982; 65(2): 362-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.65.2.362] [PMID: 7032748]
[20]
Vermeulen JT, McGuire MA, Opthof T, et al. Triggered activity and automaticity in ventricular trabeculae of failing human and rabbit hearts. Cardiovasc Res 1994; 28(10): 1547-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.10.1547] [PMID: 8001044]
[21]
Han LN, Guo SL, Lin XM, et al. Torasemide reduces dilated cardiomyopathy, complication of arrhythmia, and progression to heart failure. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13(3): 7262-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2014.September.5.11] [PMID: 25222231]
[22]
Sweeney MO. Sudden death in heart failure associated with reduced left ventricular function: substrates, mechanisms, and evidence-based management, Part II. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001; 24(6): 1002-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01002.x] [PMID: 11449577]
[23]
Ajayi OE, Ajayi AA. Valvular regurgitations may increase risk of arrhythmias in Nigerians with hypertensive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14(6): 453-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0b013e32835936fd] [PMID: 23114272]
[24]
Mene-Afejuku TO, Balogun MO, Akintomide AO, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of arrhythmias detected with 24-hour holter electrocardiography among hypertensive heart failure patients in Nigeria. Clin Med Insights Cardiol 2017; 11: 1179546817746632.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179546817746632] [PMID: 29270037]
[25]
Saxon LA, Bristow MR, Boehmer J, et al. Predictors of sudden cardiac death and appropriate shock in the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Trial. Circulation 2006; 114(25): 2766-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642892] [PMID: 17159063]
[26]
Bristow MR, Feldman AM, Saxon LA. Heart failure management using implantable devices for ventricular resynchronization: Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial. J Card Fail 2000; 6(3): 276-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jcaf.2000.9501] [PMID: 10997756]
[27]
de Sousa MR, Morillo CA, Rabelo FT, Nogueira Filho AM, Ribeiro AL. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia as a predictor of sudden cardiac death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10(10): 1007-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.07.002] [PMID: 18692437]
[28]
Teerlink JR, Jalaluddin M, Anderson S, et al. Ambulatory ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure do not specifically predict an increased risk of sudden death. Circulation 2000; 101(1): 40-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.1.40] [PMID: 10618302]
[29]
Powell BD, Saxon LA, Boehmer JP, et al. Survival after shock therapy in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator recipients according to rhythm shocked. The altitude survival by rhythm study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62(18): 1674-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.083] [PMID: 23810882]
[30]
Cohn J, Hawkins M, Levine H, et al. Comparative effects of therapy with captopril and digoxin in patients with mild to moderate heart failure. JAMA 1988; 259(4): 539-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720040031022] [PMID: 2447297]
[31]
Ephrem G, Levine M, Friedmann P, Schweitzer P. The prognostic significance of frequency and morphology of premature ventricular complexes during ambulatory holter monitoring. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2013; 18(2): 118-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anec.12010] [PMID: 23530481]
[32]
Santangeli P, Marchlinski FE. Ventricular ectopy as a modifiable risk factor for heart failure and death: “Déjà Vu All Over Again” may be a good thing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66(2): 110-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.031] [PMID: 26160627]
[33]
Lown B, Wolf M. Approaches to sudden death from coronary heart disease. Circulation 1971; 44(1): 130-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.44.1.130] [PMID: 4104697]
[34]
Kusumoto FM, Bailey KR, Chaouki AS, et al. Systematic Review for the 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72(14): 1653-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.052] [PMID: 29097297]
[35]
Xenogiannis I, Gatzoulis KA, Flevari P, et al. Temporal changes of noninvasive electrocardiographic risk factors for sudden cardiac death in post-myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction: Insights from the PRESERVE-EF study. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2020; 25(1): e12701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anec.12701] [PMID: 31605453]
[36]
Rose-Jones LJ, Bode WD, Gehi AK. Current approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin 2014; 10(4): 635-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2014.07.010] [PMID: 25217438]
[37]
Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353(9169): 2001-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2] [PMID: 10376614]
[38]
The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353(9146): 9-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11181-9] [PMID: 10023943]
[39]
Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(22): 1651-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105313442201] [PMID: 11386263]
[40]
Shibata MC, Flather MD, Böhm M, et al. Study of the effects of nebivolol intervention on outcomes and rehospitalisation in seniors with heart failure (seniors). rationale and design. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86(1): 77-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00321-2] [PMID: 12243852]
[41]
Wikstrand J, Wedel H, Castagno D, McMurray JJ. The large-scale placebo-controlled beta-blocker studies in systolic heart failure revisited: results from CIBIS-II, COPERNICUS and SENIORS-SHF compared with stratified subsets from MERIT-HF. J Intern Med 2014; 275(2): 134-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.12141] [PMID: 24118421]
[42]
Khalil ME, Basher AW, Brown EJ Jr, Alhaddad IA. A remarkable medical story: benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiac patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37(7): 1757-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01229-3] [PMID: 11401108]
[43]
Vermes E, Tardif J-C, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (solvd) trials. Circulation 2003; 107(23): 2926-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000072793.81076.D4] [PMID: 12771010]
[44]
Cohn JN, Tognoni G. Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(23): 1667-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010713] [PMID: 11759645]
[45]
Francia P, Palano F, Tocci G, et al. Angiotensin receptor antagonists to prevent sudden death in heart failure: does the dose matter? ISRN Cardiol 2014; 2014
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/652421]
[46]
Skrzypek A, Mostowik M, Szeliga M, Wilczyńska-Golonka M, Dębicka-Dąbrowska D, Nessler J. Chronic heart failure in the elderly: still a current medical problem. Folia Med Cracov 2018; 58(4): 47-56.
[PMID: 30745601]
[47]
Maison P, Cunin P, Hemery F, et al. Utilisation of medications recommended for chronic heart failure and the relationship with annual hospitalisation duration in patients over 75 years of age. A pharmacoepidemiological study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 61(5-6): 445-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-005-0939-0] [PMID: 15940531]
[48]
Gavras I, Gavras H. The antiarrhythmic potential of angiotensin II antagonism: experience with losartan. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13(5 Pt 1): 512-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00277-0] [PMID: 10826402]
[49]
Guerra F, Brambatti M, Matassini MV, Capucci A. Current therapeutic options for heart failure in elderly patients. BioMed Res Int 2017; 2017: 1483873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1483873] [PMID: 29270425]
[50]
McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(11): 993-1004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1409077] [PMID: 25176015]
[51]
Jhund PS, Fu M, Bayram E, et al. Efficacy and safety of LCZ696 (sacubitril-valsartan) according to age: insights from PARADIGM-HF. Eur Heart J 2015; 36(38): 2576-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv330] [PMID: 26231885]
[52]
Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(14): 1309-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030207] [PMID: 12668699]
[53]
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(10): 709-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909023411001] [PMID: 10471456]
[54]
Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011; 364(1): 11-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009492] [PMID: 21073363]
[55]
Rakisheva A, Marketou M, Klimenko A, Troyanova-Shchutskaia T, Vardas P. Hyperkalemia in heart failure: Foe or friend? Clin Cardiol 2020; 43(7): 666-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.23392] [PMID: 32445223]
[56]
Lainscak M. How to improve adherence to life-saving heart failure treatments with potassium binders. Card Fail Rev 2017; 3(1): 33-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2017.2.1] [PMID: 28785473]
[57]
Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the european society of cardiology (esc)endorsed by: association for european paediatric and congenital cardiology (aepc). Europace 2015; 17(11): 1601-87.
[PMID: 26318695]
[58]
Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321(6): 406-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198908103210629] [PMID: 2473403]
[59]
Piccini JP, Berger JS, O’Connor CM. Amiodarone for the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J 2009; 30(10): 1245-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp100] [PMID: 19336434]
[60]
Camm AJ, Karam R, Pratt CM. The azimilide post-infarct survival evaluation (ALIVE) trial. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81(6A): 35D-9D.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00151-9] [PMID: 9537221]
[61]
Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, et al. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(25): 2678-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800456] [PMID: 18565860]
[62]
Chen T, Koene R, Benditt DG, Lü F. Ventricular ectopy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: should it be treated? J Card Fail 2013; 19(1): 40-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.11.004] [PMID: 23273593]
[63]
Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(12): 877-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013474] [PMID: 11907286]
[64]
Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(3): 225-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043399] [PMID: 15659722]
[65]
Chen CY, Stevenson LW, Stewart GC, et al. Real world effectiveness of primary implantable cardioverter defibrillators implanted during hospital admissions for exacerbation of heart failure or other acute co-morbidities: cohort study of older patients with heart failure. BMJ 2015; 351: h3529.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3529] [PMID: 26174233]
[66]
Fudim M, Ali-Ahmed F, Parzynski CS, et al. Periprocedural risk and survival associated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in older patients with advanced heart failure. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5(6): 643-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0391] [PMID: 32211811]
[67]
Gandjbakhch E, Rovani M, Varnous S, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in end-stage heart failure patients listed for heart transplantation: Results from a large retrospective registry. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 109(8-9): 476-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2016.02.005] [PMID: 27344378]
[68]
Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Dello Russo A, et al. Meta-analysis: age and effectiveness of prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153(9): 592-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00009] [PMID: 21041579]
[69]
Kong MH, Al-Khatib SM, Sanders GD, Hasselblad V, Peterson ED. Use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention in older patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Cardiol J 2011; 18(5): 503-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/CJ.2011.0005] [PMID: 21947985]
[70]
Duncker D, König T, Hohmann S, Bauersachs J, Veltmann C. Avoiding untimely implantable cardioverter/defibrillator implantation by intensified heart failure therapy optimization supported by the wearable cardioverter/defibrillator-the PROLONG study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6(1): e004512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004512] [PMID: 28096098]
[71]
Cortés M, Palfy JA, Lopez M, et al. Comparison of pharmacological treatment alone vs. treatment combined with implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in patients older than 75 years. ESC Heart Fail 2018; 5(5): 884-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12310] [PMID: 29936703]
[72]
Zacà V. Sacubitril/valsartan or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2018; 19(10): 597-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0000000000000708] [PMID: 30160656]
[73]
Basta L. Routine implantation of cardioverter/defibrillator devices in patients aged 75 years and older with prior myocardial infarction and left ventricular ejection fraction < 30: antagonist viewpoint. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2003; 12(6): 363-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1076-7460.2003.02917.x] [PMID: 14610386]
[74]
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(27): 2129-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128] [PMID: 27206819]
[75]
Chen JS, Niu XW, Chen FM, Yao YL. Etiologic impact on difference on clinical outcomes of patients with heart failure after cardiac resynchronization therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97(52): e13725.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013725] [PMID: 30593144]
[76]
Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Marwick TH, et al. Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44(9): 1834-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.016] [PMID: 15519016]
[77]
Daubert C, Behar N, Martins RP, Mabo P, Leclercq C. Avoiding non-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a practical guide. Eur Heart J 2017; 38(19): 1463-72.
[PMID: 27371720]
[78]
Higgins SL, Hummel JD, Niazi IK, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the treatment of heart failure in patients with intraventricular conduction delay and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42(8): 1454-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)01042-8] [PMID: 14563591]
[79]
Jaffe LM, Morin DP. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: history, present status, and future directions. Ochsner J 2014; 14(4): 596-607.
[PMID: 25598725]
[80]
Silvet H, Amin J, Padmanabhan S, Pai RG. Prognostic implications of increased QRS duration in patients with moderate and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88(2): 182-185, A6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01619-8] [PMID: 11448421]
[81]
Beshai JF, Khunnawat C, Lin AC. Mechanical dyssynchrony from the perspective of a cardiac electrophysiologist. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008; 23(5): 447-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0b013e32830a95f1] [PMID: 18670255]
[82]
Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(12): 873-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200103223441202] [PMID: 11259720]
[83]
Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(24): 1845-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013168] [PMID: 12063368]
[84]
Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(15): 1539-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050496] [PMID: 15753115]
[85]
Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(21): 2140-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032423] [PMID: 15152059]
[86]
Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(14): 1329-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0906431] [PMID: 19723701]
[87]
Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(25): 2385-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009540] [PMID: 21073365]
[88]
Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL, et al. Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial. JAMA 2003; 289(20): 2685-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.20.2685] [PMID: 12771115]
[89]
AlTurki A, Proietti R, Alturki H, Essebag V, Huynh T. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use in elderly patients receiving cardiac resynchronization: A meta-analysis. Hellenic J Cardiol 2019; 60(5): 276-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2017.12.003] [PMID: 29292244]
[90]
Køber L, Thune JJ, Nielsen JC, et al. Defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(13): 1221-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1608029] [PMID: 27571011]
[91]
Isotani A, Yoneda K, Iwamura T, et al. Patient-specific heart simulation can identify non-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Vessels 2020; 35(8): 1135-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00380-020-01577-1] [PMID: 32166443]
[92]
Hu YR, Hua W, Yang SW, et al. Predictors of non-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy implantation in patients with class I indications: the markedly dilated left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and the presence of fragmented QRS. J Geriatr Cardiol 2019; 16(7): 514-21.
[PMID: 31447890]
[93]
Rio P, Oliveira MM, Cunha PS, et al. What happens to non-responders in cardiac resynchronization therapy? Rev Port Cardiol 2017; 36(12): 885-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.repc.2017.02.017] [PMID: 29225103]
[94]
Chun KH, Oh J, Yu HT, et al. The role of sacubitril/valsartan in the management of cardiac resynchronization therapy non-responders: a retrospective analysis. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7(6): 4404-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12988] [PMID: 32918402]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
26
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy