Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Molecular Link between Circadian Rhythmicity and Mood Disorders

Author(s): Frank Faltraco, Denise Palm, Andrew Coogan, Frederick Simon, Oliver Tucha and Johannes Thome*

Volume 29, Issue 36, 2022

Published on: 05 April, 2022

Page: [5692 - 5709] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211007113725

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: The internal clock is driven by circadian genes [e.g., Clock, Bmal1, Per1-3, Cry1-2], hormones [e.g., melatonin, cortisol], as well as zeitgeber [‘synchronisers’]. Chronic disturbances in the circadian rhythm in

Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge and literature regarding circadian rhythms in the context of mood disorders, focussing on the role of circadian genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

Methods: The review presents the current knowledge and literature regarding circadian rhythms in mood disorders using the Pubmed database. Articles with a focus on circadian rhythms and mood disorders [n=123], particularly from 1973 to 2020, were included.

Results: The article suggests a molecular link between disruptions in the circadian rhythm and mood disorders. Circadian disturbances, caused by the dysregulation of circadian genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters, often result in a clinical picture resembling depression.

Conclusion: The article suggests a molecular link between disruptions in the circadian rhythm and mood disorders. Circadian disturbances, caused by the dysregulation of circadian genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters, often result in a clinical picture resembling depression.

Keywords: Circadian rhythmicity, circadian genes, neurotransmitter, hormones, mood, major depression disorder, bipolar disorder, mania.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Wirz-Justice, A. Biological rhythm disturbances in mood disorders. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2006, 21(Suppl. 1), S11-S15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000195660.37267.cf] [PMID: 16436934]
[2]
Albrecht, U. Circadian clocks and mood-related behaviors. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 2013, (217), 227-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_9] [PMID: 23604481]
[3]
Zaki, N.F.W.; Spence, D.W. BaHammam, A.S.; Pandi-Perumal, S.R.; Cardinali, D.P.; Brown, G.M. Chronobiological theories of mood disorder. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2018, 268(2), 107-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-017-0835-5] [PMID: 28894915]
[4]
Mendoza, J.; Vanotti, G. Circadian neurogenetics of mood disorders. Cell Tissue Res., 2019, 377(1), 81-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03033-7] [PMID: 31073908]
[5]
Ludwig, B.; Dwivedi, Y. Dissecting bipolar disorder complexity through epigenomic approach. Mol. Psychiatry, 2016, 21(11), 1490-1498.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.123] [PMID: 27480490]
[6]
Girardi, P.; Brugnoli, R.; Manfredi, G.; Sani, G. Lithium in bipolar disorder: Optimizing therapy using prolonged-release formulations. Drugs R D., 2016, 16(4), 293-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40268-016-0139-7] [PMID: 27770296]
[7]
Brochard, H.; Boudebesse, C.; Henry, C.; Godin, O.; Leboyer, M.; Étain, B. Metabolic syndrome and bipolar disorder: Is sleep the missing link? Encephale, 2016, 42(6), 562-567.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2015.08.007] [PMID: 27663044]
[8]
Mondin, T.C.; Cardoso, T.A.; Souza, L.D.M.; Jansen, K.; da Silva Magalhães, P.V.; Kapczinski, F.; da Silva, R.A. Mood disorders and biological rhythms in young adults: A large population-based study. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2017, 84, 98-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.030] [PMID: 27716514]
[9]
Bumb, J.M.; Enning, F.; Mueller, J.K.; van der List, T.; Rohleder, C.; Findeisen, P.; Noelte, I.; Schwarz, E.; Leweke, F.M. Differential melatonin alterations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Compr. Psychiatry, 2016, 68, 34-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.005] [PMID: 27234180]
[10]
Gonzalez, R. The relationship between bipolar disorder and biological rhythms. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2014, 75(4), e323-e331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13r08507] [PMID: 24500332]
[11]
Oliveira, T.; Marinho, V.; Carvalho, V.; Magalhães, F.; Rocha, K.; Ayres, C.; Teixeira, S.; Nunes, M.; Bastos, V.H.; Pinto, G.R. Genet-ic polymorphisms associated with circadian rhythm dysregulation provide new perspectives on bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2018, 20(6), 515-522.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12624] [PMID: 29441659]
[12]
Nestler, E.J.; Carlezon, W.A., Jr The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 59(12), 1151-1159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.018] [PMID: 16566899]
[13]
Bedrosian, T.A.; Nelson, R.J. Sundowning syndrome in aging and dementia: research in mouse models. Exp. Neurol., 2013, 243, 67-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.05.005] [PMID: 22627081]
[14]
Li, J.Z.; Bunney, B.G.; Meng, F.; Hagenauer, M.H.; Walsh, D.M.; Vawter, M.P.; Evans, S.J.; Choudary, P.V.; Cartagena, P.; Barchas, J.D.; Schatzberg, A.F.; Jones, E.G.; Myers, R.M.; Watson, S.J., Jr; Akil, H.; Bunney, W.E. Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2013, 110(24), 9950-9955.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305814110] [PMID: 23671070]
[15]
Takaesu, Y. Circadian rhythm in bipolar disorder: A review of the literature. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2018, 72(9), 673-682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12688] [PMID: 29869403]
[16]
Brown, G.M. Light, melatonin and the sleep-wake cycle. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 1994, 19(5), 345-353.
[PMID: 7803368]
[17]
Mitchell, H.A.; Weinshenker, D. Good night and good luck: norepinephrine in sleep pharmacology. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2010, 79(6), 801-809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.10.004] [PMID: 19833104]
[18]
Kennedy, S.H.; Tighe, S.; McVey, G.; Brown, G.M. Melatonin and cortisol “switches” during mania, depression, and euthymia in a drug-free bipolar patient. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1989, 177(5), 300-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198905000-00009] [PMID: 2708973]
[19]
Post, R.M.; Stoddard, F.J.; Gillin, J.C.; Buchsbaum, M.S.; Runkle, D.C.; Black, K.E.; Bunney, W.E. Jr. Alterations in motor activity, sleep, and biochemistry in a cycling manic-depressive patient. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1977, 34(4), 470-477.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770160104009] [PMID: 192169]
[20]
Juckel, G.; Hegerl, U.; Mavrogiorgou, P.; Gallinat, J.; Mager, T.; Tigges, P.; Dresel, S.; Schröter, A.; Stotz, G.; Meller, I.; Greil, W.; Möller, H.J. Clinical and biological findings in a case with 48-hour bipolar ultrarapid cycling before and during valproate treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2000, 61(8), 585-593.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v61n0808] [PMID: 10982202]
[21]
Kurita, M. Noradrenaline plays a critical role in the switch to a manic episode and treatment of a depressive episode. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2016, 12, 2373-2380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S109835] [PMID: 27703355]
[22]
Parry, B.L.; Meliska, C.J.; Sorenson, D.L.; Lopez, A.M.; Martinez, L.F.; Nowakowski, S.; Elliott, J.A.; Hauger, R.L.; Kripke, D.F. Plasma melatonin circadian rhythm disturbances during pregnancy and postpartum in depressed women and women with personal or family histories of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 165(12), 1551-1558.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050709] [PMID: 18829869]
[23]
Parry, B.L. Rhythms and blues. J. Womens Health (Larchmt.), 2016, 25(6), 563-564.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5714] [PMID: 26872087]
[24]
Sharkey, K.M.; Eastman, C.I. Melatonin phase shifts human circadian rhythms in a placebo-controlled simulated night-work study. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2002, 282(2), R454-R463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00135.2001] [PMID: 11792655]
[25]
Holsboer, F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2000, 23(5), 477-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7] [PMID: 11027914]
[26]
Sachar, E.J.; Hellman, L.; Fukushima, D.K.; Gallagher, T.F. Cortisol production in depressive illness. A clinical and biochemical clarifi-cation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1970, 23(4), 289-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750040001001] [PMID: 4918519]
[27]
Sachar, E.J.; Hellman, L.; Roffwarg, H.P.; Halpern, F.S.; Fukushima, D.K.; Gallagher, T.F. Disrupted 24-hour patterns of cortisol se-cretion in psychotic depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1973, 28(1), 19-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750310011002] [PMID: 4683141]
[28]
Gold, P.W.; Loriaux, D.L.; Roy, A.; Kling, M.A.; Calabrese, J.R.; Kellner, C.H.; Nieman, L.K.; Post, R.M.; Pickar, D.; Gallucci, W. Responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypercortisolism of depression and Cushing’s disease. Pathophysiologic and diag-nostic implications. N. Engl. J. Med., 1986, 314(21), 1329-1335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198605223142101] [PMID: 3010108]
[29]
Barde, Y.A.; Edgar, D.; Thoenen, H. Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBO J., 1982, 1(5), 549-553.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01207.x] [PMID: 7188352]
[30]
Begliuomini, S.; Lenzi, E.; Ninni, F.; Casarosa, E.; Merlini, S.; Pluchino, N.; Valentino, V.; Luisi, S.; Luisi, M.; Genazzani, A.R. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor daily variations in men: correlation with cortisol circadian rhythm. J. Endocrinol., 2008, 197(2), 429-435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/JOE-07-0376] [PMID: 18434373]
[31]
Bunney, W.E.; Bunney, B.G. Molecular clock genes in man and lower animals: possible implications for circadian abnormalities in de-pression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2000, 22(4), 335-345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00145-1] [PMID: 10700653]
[32]
Emens, J.; Lewy, A.; Kinzie, J.M.; Arntz, D.; Rough, J. Circadian misalignment in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res., 2009, 168(3), 259-261.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.009] [PMID: 19524304]
[33]
Wittmann, M.; Schreiber, W.; Landgrebe, M.; Hajak, G. Circadian rhythms and depression. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr., 2018, 86(5), 308-318.
[PMID: 29843180]
[34]
Daut, R.A.; Fonken, L.K. Circadian regulation of depression: A role for serotonin. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 2019, 54100746
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.04.003] [PMID: 31002895]
[35]
Chung, S.; Lee, E.J.; Yun, S.; Choe, H.K.; Park, S.B.; Son, H.J.; Kim, K.S.; Dluzen, D.E.; Lee, I.; Hwang, O.; Son, G.H.; Kim, K. Im-pact of circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBα on midbrain dopamine production and mood regulation. Cell, 2014, 157(4), 858-868.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.039] [PMID: 24813609]
[36]
Hampp, G.; Ripperger, J.A.; Houben, T.; Schmutz, I.; Blex, C.; Perreau-Lenz, S.; Brunk, I.; Spanagel, R.; Ahnert-Hilger, G.; Meijer, J.H.; Albrecht, U. Regulation of monoamine oxidase A by circadian-clock components implies clock influence on mood. Curr. Biol., 2008, 18(9), 678-683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.012] [PMID: 18439826]
[37]
Roybal, K.; Theobold, D.; Graham, A.; DiNieri, J.A.; Russo, S.J.; Krishnan, V.; Chakravarty, S.; Peevey, J.; Oehrlein, N.; Birnbaum, S.; Vitaterna, M.H.; Orsulak, P.; Takahashi, J.S.; Nestler, E.J.; Carlezon, W.A., Jr; McClung, C.A. Mania-like behavior induced by dis-ruption of CLOCK. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104(15), 6406-6411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609625104] [PMID: 17379666]
[38]
Easton, A.; Arbuzova, J.; Turek, F.W. The circadian Clock mutation increases exploratory activity and escape-seeking behavior. Genes Brain Behav., 2003, 2(1), 11-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-183X.2003.00002.x] [PMID: 12882315]
[39]
McClung, C.A.; Sidiropoulou, K.; Vitaterna, M.; Takahashi, J.S.; White, F.J.; Cooper, D.C.; Nestler, E.J. Regulation of dopaminergic transmission and cocaine reward by the Clock gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102(26), 9377-9381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503584102] [PMID: 15967985]
[40]
Mukherjee, S.; Coque, L.; Cao, J.L.; Kumar, J.; Chakravarty, S.; Asaithamby, A.; Graham, A.; Gordon, E.; Enwright, J.F., III; DiLeone, R.J.; Birnbaum, S.G.; Cooper, D.C.; McClung, C.A. Knockdown of Clock in the ventral tegmental area through RNA interference re-sults in a mixed state of mania and depression-like behavior. Biol. Psychiatry, 2010, 68(6), 503-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.031] [PMID: 20591414]
[41]
Landgraf, D.; Long, J.E.; Proulx, C.D.; Barandas, R.; Malinow, R.; Welsh, D.K. Genetic disruption of circadian rhythms in the supra-chiasmatic nucleus causes helplessness, behavioral despair, and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Biol. Psychiatry, 2016, 80(11), 827-835.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.1050] [PMID: 27113500]
[42]
Kondratova, A.A.; Dubrovsky, Y.V.; Antoch, M.P.; Kondratov, R.V. Circadian clock proteins control adaptation to novel environment and memory formation. Aging (Albany NY), 2010, 2(5), 285-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.100142] [PMID: 20519775]
[43]
Spencer, S.; Falcon, E.; Kumar, J.; Krishnan, V.; Mukherjee, S.; Birnbaum, S.G.; McClung, C.A. Circadian genes Period 1 and Period 2 in the nucleus accumbens regulate anxiety-related behavior. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2013, 37(2), 242-250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12010] [PMID: 23039899]
[44]
Zhang, L.; Hirano, A.; Hsu, P.K.; Jones, C.R.; Sakai, N.; Okuro, M.; McMahon, T.; Yamazaki, M.; Xu, Y.; Saigoh, N.; Saigoh, K.; Lin, S.T.; Kaasik, K.; Nishino, S.; Ptáček, L.J.; Fu, Y.H.A. PERIOD3 variant causes a circadian phenotype and is associated with a seasonal mood trait. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2016, 113(11), E1536-E1544.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600039113] [PMID: 26903630]
[45]
Schnell, A.; Sandrelli, F.; Ranc, V.; Ripperger, J.A.; Brai, E.; Alberi, L.; Rainer, G.; Albrecht, U. Mice lacking circadian clock compo-nents display different mood-related behaviors and do not respond uniformly to chronic lithium treatment. Chronobiol. Int., 2015, 32(8), 1075-1089.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1062024] [PMID: 26317159]
[46]
De Bundel, D.; Gangarossa, G.; Biever, A.; Bonnefont, X.; Valjent, E. Cognitive dysfunction, elevated anxiety, and reduced cocaine response in circadian clock-deficient cryptochrome knockout mice. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 2013, 7, 152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00152] [PMID: 24187535]
[47]
Kim, J.; Jang, S.; Choe, H.K.; Chung, S.; Son, G.H.; Kim, K. Implications of circadian rhythm in dopamine and mood regulation. Mol. Cells, 2017, 40(7), 450-456.
[PMID: 28780783]
[48]
Dulcis, D.; Jamshidi, P.; Leutgeb, S.; Spitzer, N.C. Neurotransmitter switching in the adult brain regulates behavior. Science, 2013, 340(6131), 449-453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1234152] [PMID: 23620046]
[49]
Hühne, A.; Welsh, D.K.; Landgraf, D. Prospects for circadian treatment of mood disorders. Ann. Med., 2018, 50(8), 637-654.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2018.1530449] [PMID: 30265156]
[50]
Rosenberg, R.; Doghramji, P.P. Is shift work making your patient sick? Emerging theories and therapies for treating shift work disorder. Postgrad. Med., 2011, 123(5), 106-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2011.09.2465] [PMID: 21904092]
[51]
Etain, B.; Milhiet, V.; Bellivier, F.; Leboyer, M. Genetics of circadian rhythms and mood spectrum disorders. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2011, 21(Suppl. 4), S676-S682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.007] [PMID: 21835597]
[52]
Partonen, T.; Treutlein, J.; Alpman, A.; Frank, J.; Johansson, C.; Depner, M.; Aron, L.; Rietschel, M.; Wellek, S.; Soronen, P.; Paunio, T.; Koch, A.; Chen, P.; Lathrop, M.; Adolfsson, R.; Persson, M.L.; Kasper, S.; Schalling, M.; Peltonen, L.; Schumann, G. Three circa-dian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression. Ann. Med., 2007, 39(3), 229-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890701278795] [PMID: 17457720]
[53]
Ripke, S.; Wray, N.R.; Lewis, C.M.; Hamilton, S.P.; Weissman, M.M.; Breen, G.; Byrne, E.M.; Blackwood, D.H.; Boomsma, D.I.; Cichon, S.; Heath, A.C.; Holsboer, F.; Lucae, S.; Madden, P.A.; Martin, N.G.; McGuffin, P.; Muglia, P.; Noethen, M.M.; Penninx, B.P.; Pergadia, M.L.; Potash, J.B.; Rietschel, M.; Lin, D.; Müller-Myhsok, B.; Shi, J.; Steinberg, S.; Grabe, H.J.; Lichtenstein, P.; Mag-nusson, P.; Perlis, R.H.; Preisig, M.; Smoller, J.W.; Stefansson, K.; Uher, R.; Kutalik, Z.; Tansey, K.E.; Teumer, A.; Viktorin, A.; Barnes, M.R.; Bettecken, T.; Binder, E.B.; Breuer, R.; Castro, V.M.; Churchill, S.E.; Coryell, W.H.; Craddock, N.; Craig, I.W.; Czama-ra, D.; De Geus, E.J.; Degenhardt, F.; Farmer, A.E.; Fava, M.; Frank, J.; Gainer, V.S.; Gallagher, P.J.; Gordon, S.D.; Goryachev, S.; Gross, M.; Guipponi, M.; Henders, A.K.; Herms, S.; Hickie, I.B.; Hoefels, S.; Hoogendijk, W.; Hottenga, J.J.; Iosifescu, D.V.; Ising, M.; Jones, I.; Jones, L.; Jung-Ying, T.; Knowles, J.A.; Kohane, I.S.; Kohli, M.A.; Korszun, A.; Landen, M.; Lawson, W.B.; Lewis, G.; Macintyre, D.; Maier, W.; Mattheisen, M.; McGrath, P.J.; McIntosh, A.; McLean, A.; Middeldorp, C.M.; Middleton, L.; Montgomery, G.M.; Murphy, S.N.; Nauck, M.; Nolen, W.A.; Nyholt, D.R.; O’Donovan, M.; Oskarsson, H.; Pedersen, N.; Scheftner, W.A.; Schulz, A.; Schulze, T.G.; Shyn, S.I.; Sigurdsson, E.; Slager, S.L.; Smit, J.H.; Stefansson, H.; Steffens, M.; Thorgeirsson, T.; Tozzi, F.; Treutlein, J.; Uhr, M.; van den Oord, E.J.; Van Grootheest, G.; Völzke, H.; Weilburg, J.B.; Willemsen, G.; Zitman, F.G.; Neale, B.; Daly, M.; Levinson, D.F.; Sullivan, P.F. A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Mol. Psychiatry, 2013, 18(4), 497-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.21] [PMID: 22472876]
[54]
Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4. Nat. Genet., 2011, 43(10), 977-983.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.943] [PMID: 21926972]
[55]
Byrne, E.M.; Gehrman, P.R.; Medland, S.E.; Nyholt, D.R.; Heath, A.C.; Madden, P.A.; Hickie, I.B.; Van Duijn, C.M.; Henders, A.K.; Montgomery, G.W.; Martin, N.G.; Wray, N.R. A genome-wide association study of sleep habits and insomnia. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet., 2013, 162B(5), 439-451.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32168] [PMID: 23728906]
[56]
Li, J.Z. Circadian rhythms and mood: Opportunities for multi-level analyses in genomics and neuroscience: circadian rhythm dysregula-tion in mood disorders provides clues to the brain’s organizing principles, and a touchstone for genomics and neuroscience. BioEssays, 2014, 36(3), 305-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201300141] [PMID: 24853393]
[57]
Anglin, R.E.; Samaan, Z.; Walter, S.D.; McDonald, S.D. Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2013, 202, 100-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.106666] [PMID: 23377209]
[58]
Jorde, R.; Sneve, M.; Figenschau, Y.; Svartberg, J.; Waterloo, K. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: Randomized double blind trial. J. Intern. Med., 2008, 264(6), 599-609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02008.x] [PMID: 18793245]
[59]
Kjærgaard, M.; Waterloo, K.; Wang, C.E.; Almås, B.; Figenschau, Y.; Hutchinson, M.S.; Svartberg, J.; Jorde, R. Effect of vitamin D supplement on depression scores in people with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Nested case-control study and randomised clinical trial. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2012, 201(5), 360-368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.104349] [PMID: 22790678]
[60]
Henriksen, T.E.; Skrede, S.; Fasmer, O.B.; Schoeyen, H.; Leskauskaite, I.; Bjørke-Bertheussen, J.; Assmus, J.; Hamre, B.; Grønli, J.; Lund, A. Blue-blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Bipolar Disord., 2016, 18(3), 221-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12390] [PMID: 27226262]
[61]
Barbini, B.; Benedetti, F.; Colombo, C.; Dotoli, D.; Bernasconi, A.; Cigala-Fulgosi, M.; Florita, M.; Smeraldi, E. Dark therapy for ma-nia: A pilot study. Bipolar Disord., 2005, 7(1), 98-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00166.x] [PMID: 15654938]
[62]
Benedetti, F. Rate of switch from bipolar depression into mania after morning light therapy: A historical review. Psychiatry Res., 2018, 261, 351-356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.013] [PMID: 29348073]
[63]
Evans, J.A.; Suen, T.C.; Callif, B.L.; Mitchell, A.S.; Castanon-Cervantes, O.; Baker, K.M.; Kloehn, I.; Baba, K.; Teubner, B.J.; Ehlen, J.C.; Paul, K.N.; Bartness, T.J.; Tosini, G.; Leise, T.; Davidson, A.J. Shell neurons of the master circadian clock coordinate the phase of tissue clocks throughout the brain and body. BMC Biol., 2015, 13, 43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12915-015-0157-x] [PMID: 26099272]
[64]
Hickie, I.B.; Naismith, S.L.; Robillard, R.; Scott, E.M.; Hermens, D.F. Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to im-prove clinical management of major depression. BMC Med., 2013, 11, 79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-79] [PMID: 23521808]
[65]
Ağargün, M.Y.; Kara, H.; Solmaz, M. Sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1997, 58(6), 249-251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v58n0602] [PMID: 9228889]
[66]
Kupfer, D.J.; Foster, F.G. Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression. Lancet, 1972, 2(7779), 684-686.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92090-9] [PMID: 4115821]
[67]
Kupfer, D.J.; Foster, F.G.; Coble, P.; McPartland, R.J.; Ulrich, R.F. The application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis of affec-tive disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1978, 135(1), 69-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.135.1.69] [PMID: 201174]
[68]
Kupfer, D.J.; Ulrich, R.F.; Coble, P.A.; Jarrett, D.B.; Grochocinski, V.; Doman, J.; Matthews, G.; Borbély, A.A. Application of auto-mated REM and slow wave sleep analysis: II. Testing the assumptions of the two-process model of sleep regulation in normal and de-pressed subjects. Psychiatry Res., 1984, 13(4), 335-343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(84)90081-7] [PMID: 6596589]
[69]
Dietzel, M.; Saletu, B.; Lesch, O.M.; Sieghart, W.; Schjerve, M. Light treatment in depressive illness. Polysomnographic, psychometric and neuroendocrinological findings. Eur. Neurol., 1986, 25(Suppl. 2), 93-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000116089] [PMID: 3758132]
[70]
Linkowski, P.; Mendlewicz, J.; Kerkhofs, M.; Leclercq, R.; Golstein, J.; Brasseur, M.; Copinschi, G.; Van Cauter, E. 24-Hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: Effect of antidepressant treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1987, 65(1), 141-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-65-1-141] [PMID: 3034952]
[71]
Souêtre, E.; Salvati, E.; Belugou, J.L.; Pringuey, D.; Candito, M.; Krebs, B.; Ardisson, J.L.; Darcourt, G. Circadian rhythms in depres-sion and recovery: Evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality. Psychiatry Res., 1989, 28(3), 263-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90207-2] [PMID: 2762432]
[72]
Teicher, M.H.; Lawrence, J.M.; Barber, N.I.; Finklestein, S.P.; Lieberman, H.R.; Baldessarini, R.J. Increased activity and phase delay in circadian motility rhythms in geriatric depression. Preliminary observations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1988, 45(10), 913-917.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340039005] [PMID: 3421804]
[73]
Hirata, F.C.; Lima, M.C.; de Bruin, V.M.; Nóbrega, P.R.; Wenceslau, G.P.; de Bruin, P.F. Depression in medical school: The influence of morningness-eveningness. Chronobiol. Int., 2007, 24(5), 939-946.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420520701657730] [PMID: 17994347]
[74]
Müller, M.J.; Kundermann, B.; Cabanel, N. Eveningness and poor sleep quality independently contribute to self-reported depression severity in psychiatric inpatients with affective disorder. Nord. J. Psychiatry, 2016, 70(5), 329-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1112832] [PMID: 26634390]
[75]
Gaspar-Barba, E.; Calati, R.; Cruz-Fuentes, C.S.; Ontiveros-Uribe, M.P.; Natale, V.; De Ronchi, D.; Serretti, A. Depressive sympto-matology is influenced by chronotypes. J. Affect. Disord., 2009, 119(1-3), 100-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.021] [PMID: 19285347]
[76]
Robillard, R.; Hermens, D.F.; Naismith, S.L.; White, D.; Rogers, N.L.; Ip, T.K.; Mullin, S.J.; Alvares, G.A.; Guastella, A.J.; Smith, K.L.; Rong, Y.; Whitwell, B.; Southan, J.; Glozier, N.; Scott, E.M.; Hickie, I.B. Ambulatory sleep-wake patterns and variability in young people with emerging mental disorders. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 2015, 40(1), 28-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.130247] [PMID: 25203899]
[77]
Lam, R.W.; Levitt, A.J.; Levitan, R.D.; Michalak, E.E.; Cheung, A.H.; Morehouse, R.; Ramasubbu, R.; Yatham, L.N.; Tam, E.M. Effi-cacy of bright light treatment, fluoxetine, and the combination in patients with nonseasonal major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 2016, 73(1), 56-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2235] [PMID: 26580307]
[78]
Perera, S.; Eisen, R.; Bhatt, M.; Bhatnagar, N.; de Souza, R.; Thabane, L.; Samaan, Z. Light therapy for non-seasonal depression: Sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open, 2016, 2(2), 116-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001610] [PMID: 27703764]
[79]
Avery, D.H.; Wildschiødtz, G.; Rafaelsen, O.J. Nocturnal temperature in affective disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 1982, 4(1), 61-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(82)90020-9] [PMID: 6461688]
[80]
Avery, D.H.; Shah, S.H.; Eder, D.N.; Wildschiødtz, G. Nocturnal sweating and temperature in depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 1999, 100(4), 295-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10864.x] [PMID: 10510699]
[81]
Posener, J.A.; DeBattista, C.; Williams, G.H.; Chmura Kraemer, H.; Kalehzan, B.M.; Schatzberg, A.F. 24-Hour monitoring of cortisol and corticotropin secretion in psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2000, 57(8), 755-760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.755] [PMID: 10920463]
[82]
Hori, H.; Koga, N.; Hidese, S.; Nagashima, A.; Kim, Y.; Higuchi, T.; Kunugi, H. 24-H activity rhythm and sleep in depressed outpa-tients. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2016, 77, 27-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.022] [PMID: 26978182]
[83]
Taillard, J.; Sanchez, P.; Lemoine, P.; Mouret, J. Heart rate circadian rhythm as a biological marker of desynchronization in major de-pression: A methodological and preliminary report. Chronobiol. Int., 1990, 7(4), 305-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420529009064636] [PMID: 2085871]
[84]
Harvey, A.G. Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: Seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2008, 165(7), 820-829.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010098] [PMID: 18519522]
[85]
Duncan, W.C., Jr; Pettigrew, K.D.; Gillin, J.C. REM architecture changes in bipolar and unipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1979, 136(11), 1424-1427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.136.11.1424] [PMID: 227281]
[86]
Hudson, J.I.; Lipinski, J.F.; Frankenburg, F.R.; Grochocinski, V.J.; Kupfer, D.J. Electroencephalographic sleep in mania. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1988, 45(3), 267-273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800270085010] [PMID: 3341881]
[87]
Hudson, J.I.; Lipinski, J.F.; Keck, P.E., Jr; Aizley, H.G.; Lukas, S.E.; Rothschild, A.J.; Waternaux, C.M.; Kupfer, D.J. Poly-somnographic characteristics of young manic patients. Comparison with unipolar depressed patients and normal control subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1992, 49(5), 378-383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820050042006] [PMID: 1586273]
[88]
Rock, P.; Goodwin, G.; Harmer, C.; Wulff, K. Daily rest-activity patterns in the bipolar phenotype: A controlled actigraphy study. Chronobiol. Int., 2014, 31(2), 290-296.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.843542] [PMID: 24517177]
[89]
Krane-Gartiser, K.; Henriksen, T.E.; Morken, G.; Vaaler, A.; Fasmer, O.B. Actigraphic assessment of motor activity in acutely admitted inpatients with bipolar disorder. PLoS One, 2014, 9(2)e89574
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089574] [PMID: 24586883]
[90]
Jones, S.H.; Hare, D.J.; Evershed, K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2005, 7(2), 176-186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00187.x] [PMID: 15762859]
[91]
Souetre, E.; Salvati, E.; Wehr, T.A.; Sack, D.A.; Krebs, B.; Darcourt, G. Twenty-four-hour profiles of body temperature and plasma TSH in bipolar patients during depression and during remission and in normal control subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1988, 145(9), 1133-1137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.9.1133] [PMID: 3414857]
[92]
Moon, J.H.; Cho, C.H.; Son, G.H.; Geum, D.; Chung, S.; Kim, H.; Kang, S.G.; Park, Y.M.; Yoon, H.K.; Kim, L.; Jee, H.J.; An, H.; Kripke, D.F.; Lee, H.J. Advanced circadian phase in mania and delayed circadian phase in mixed mania and depression returned to nor-mal after treatment of bipolar disorder. EBioMedicine, 2016, 11, 285-295.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.019] [PMID: 27543154]
[93]
Germain, A.; Kupfer, D.J. Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 2008, 23(7), 571-585.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.964] [PMID: 18680211]
[94]
Borbély, A.A. The S-deficiency hypothesis of depression and the two-process model of sleep regulation. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1987, 20(1), 23-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1017069] [PMID: 3823126]
[95]
Van den Hoofdakker, R.H. Chronobiological theories of nonseasonal affective disorders and their implications for treatment. J. Biol. Rhythms, 1994, 9(2), 157-183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074873049400900206] [PMID: 7873775]
[96]
Adrien, J. Neurobiological bases for the relation between sleep and depression. Sleep Med. Rev., 2002, 6(5), 341-351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2001.0200] [PMID: 12531125]
[97]
Ehlers, C.L.; Frank, E.; Kupfer, D.J. Social zeitgebers and biological rhythms. A unified approach to understanding the etiology of de-pression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1988, 45(10), 948-952.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340076012] [PMID: 3048226]
[98]
Monk, T.H.; Flaherty, J.F.; Frank, E.; Hoskinson, K.; Kupfer, D.J. The social rhythm metric. An instrument to quantify the daily rhythms of life. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1990, 178(2), 120-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199002000-00007] [PMID: 2299336]
[99]
Monk, T.H. Enhancing circadian zeitgebers. Sleep, 2010, 33(4), 421-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.4.421] [PMID: 20394309]
[100]
Van Reeth, O.; Olivares, E.; Turek, F.W.; Granjon, L.; Mocaer, E. Resynchronisation of a diurnal rodent circadian clock accelerated by a melatonin agonist. Neuroreport, 1998, 9(8), 1901-1905.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199806010-00043] [PMID: 9665623]
[101]
Weibel, L.; Turek, F.W.; Mocaer, E.; Van Reeth, O. A melatonin agonist facilitates circadian resynchronization in old hamsters after abrupt shifts in the light-dark cycle. Brain Res., 2000, 880(1-2), 207-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02806-7] [PMID: 11033009]
[102]
Armstrong, S.M.; McNulty, O.M.; Guardiola-Lemaitre, B.; Redman, J.R. Successful use of S20098 and melatonin in an animal model of Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome (DSPS). Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1993, 46(1), 45-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(93)90315-K] [PMID: 8255922]
[103]
Castanho, A.; Bothorel, B.; Seguin, L.; Mocaër, E.; Pévet, P. Like melatonin, agomelatine (S20098) increases the amplitude of oscilla-tions of two clock outputs: Melatonin and temperature rhythms. Chronobiol. Int., 2014, 31(3), 371-381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.860457] [PMID: 24328729]
[104]
Redman, J.R.; Francis, A.J. Entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by the melatonin agonist S-20098 requires intact suprachiasmatic nuclei but not the pineal. J. Biol. Rhythms, 1998, 13(1), 39-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074873098128999907] [PMID: 9486842]
[105]
Mairesse, J.; Silletti, V.; Laloux, C.; Zuena, A.R.; Giovine, A.; Consolazione, M.; van Camp, G.; Malagodi, M.; Gaetani, S.; Cianci, S.; Catalani, A.; Mennuni, G.; Mazzetta, A.; van Reeth, O.; Gabriel, C.; Mocaër, E.; Nicoletti, F.; Morley-Fletcher, S.; Maccari, S. Chronic agomelatine treatment corrects the abnormalities in the circadian rhythm of motor activity and sleep/wake cycle induced by prenatal re-straint stress in adult rats. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2013, 16(2), 323-338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145711001970] [PMID: 22310059]
[106]
Leproult, R.; Van Onderbergen, A.; L’hermite-Balériaux, M.; Van Cauter, E.; Copinschi, G. Phase-shifts of 24-h rhythms of hormonal release and body temperature following early evening administration of the melatonin agonist agomelatine in healthy older men. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 2005, 63(3), 298-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02341.x] [PMID: 16117817]
[107]
Kräuchi, K.; Cajochen, C.; Möri, D.; Graw, P.; Wirz-Justice, A. Early evening melatonin and S-20098 advance circadian phase and noc-turnal regulation of core body temperature. Am. J. Physiol., 1997, 272(4 Pt 2), R1178-R1188.
[PMID: 9140018]
[108]
De Berardis, D.; Fornaro, M.; Serroni, N.; Campanella, D.; Rapini, G.; Olivieri, L.; Srinivasan, V.; Iasevoli, F.; Tomasetti, C.; De Bar-tolomeis, A.; Valchera, A.; Perna, G.; Mazza, M.; Di Nicola, M.; Martinotti, G.; Di Giannantonio, M. Agomelatine beyond borders: Current evidences of its efficacy in disorders other than major depression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2015, 16(1), 1111-1130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16011111] [PMID: 25569089]
[109]
Kripke, D.F.; Mullaney, D.J.; Atkinson, M.; Wolf, S. Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives. Biol. Psychiatry, 1978, 13(3), 335-351.
[PMID: 667233]
[110]
Li, J.; Lu, W.Q.; Beesley, S.; Loudon, A.S.; Meng, Q.J. Lithium impacts on the amplitude and period of the molecular circadian clock-work. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3)e33292
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033292] [PMID: 22428012]
[111]
Abe, M.; Herzog, E.D.; Block, G.D. Lithium lengthens the circadian period of individual suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Neuroreport, 2000, 11(14), 3261-3264.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200009280-00042] [PMID: 11043560]
[112]
Campbell, S.S.; Gillin, J.C.; Kripke, D.F.; Janowsky, D.S.; Risch, S.C. Lithium delays circadian phase of temperature and REM sleep in a bipolar depressive: A case report. Psychiatry Res., 1989, 27(1), 23-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90005-X] [PMID: 2493655]
[113]
Kaladchibachi, S.A.; Doble, B.; Anthopoulos, N.; Woodgett, J.R.; Manoukian, A.S. Glycogen synthase kinase 3, circadian rhythms, and bipolar disorder: A molecular link in the therapeutic action of lithium. J. Circadian Rhythms, 2007, 5, 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1740-3391-5-3] [PMID: 17295926]
[114]
Hong, W.; Zhang, Q. Biological rhythms advance in depressive disorder. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2019, 1180, 117-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9271-0_6] [PMID: 31784960]
[115]
Bechtel, W. Circadian rhythms and mood disorders: Are the phenomena and mechanisms causally related? Front. Psychiatry, 2015, 6, 118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00118] [PMID: 26379559]
[116]
Monteleone, P.; Martiadis, V.; Maj, M. Circadian rhythms and treatment implications in depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 35(7), 1569-1574.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.028] [PMID: 20691746]
[117]
Terman, M.; Terman, J.S.; Ross, D.C. A controlled trial of timed bright light and negative air ionization for treatment of winter depres-sion. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1998, 55(10), 875-882.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.875] [PMID: 9783557]
[118]
Eastman, C.I.; Young, M.A.; Fogg, L.F.; Liu, L.; Meaden, P.M. Bright light treatment of winter depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1998, 55(10), 883-889.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.883] [PMID: 9783558]
[119]
Lewy, A.J.; Bauer, V.K.; Cutler, N.L.; Sack, R.L.; Ahmed, S.; Thomas, K.H.; Blood, M.L.; Jackson, J.M. Morning vs. evening light treatment of patients with winter depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1998, 55(10), 890-896.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.890] [PMID: 9783559]
[120]
Tuunainen, A.; Kripke, D.F.; Endo, T. Light therapy for non-seasonal depression. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2004, 2004(2)CD004050
[PMID: 15106233]
[121]
Golden, R.N.; Gaynes, B.N.; Ekstrom, R.D.; Hamer, R.M.; Jacobsen, F.M.; Suppes, T.; Wisner, K.L.; Nemeroff, C.B. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: A review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2005, 162(4), 656-662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.656] [PMID: 15800134]
[122]
Lieverse, R.; Nielen, M.M.; Veltman, D.J.; Uitdehaag, B.M.; van Someren, E.J.; Smit, J.H.; Hoogendijk, W.J. Bright light in elderly subjects with nonseasonal major depressive disorder: A double blind randomised clinical trial using early morning bright blue light com-paring dim red light treatment. Trials, 2008, 9, 48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-9-48] [PMID: 18671864]
[123]
Sit, D.K.; McGowan, J.; Wiltrout, C.; Diler, R.S.; Dills, J.J.; Luther, J.; Yang, A.; Ciolino, J.D.; Seltman, H.; Wisniewski, S.R.; Ter-man, M.; Wisner, K.L. Adjunctive bright light therapy for bipolar depression: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2018, 175(2), 131-139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16101200] [PMID: 28969438]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
28
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy