Abstract
In this communication, we discuss the particular electronic and quantum properties from graphene and carbon allotropes to highly conjugated carbon chemical structures from recent research. Moreover, the chemical modifications of these types of materials were analyzed against the concept of their inert properties, thus identifying that their surfaces could be modified to incorporate different properties, functionalities, and couple electronic effects, among others. Their versatility has been shown based on simple chemical reactions in controlled and targeted conditions of synthesis. Variable designs could be tuned from proof of concepts to functional materials for targeted applications. In addition, a proof of concept was discussed for Electron Transfer (ET) applications to show their electronic properties. Finally, the use of highly conjugated chemical structures to higher hierarchical ordered carbon structures, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon allotropes in electron and opto-responsive metamaterials, has been analyzed. Thus, new insights into multi-modal characteristics of materials have been discussed.
Keywords: Carbon allotropes, graphene, highly conjugated carbon chemical structures, electronic properties, quantum properties, pseudo-electromagnetic wave interactions, electron responsive material, electronic shuttles, nanoelectronics.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Hallam PM, Banks CE. Quantifying the electron transfer sites of graphene. Electrochem Commun 2011; 13(1): 8-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2010.10.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2010.10.030]
[2]
García-Miranda FA, Foste RCW. B rownson DAC, Whitehead KA, Banks CE. Exploring the reactivity of distinct electron transfer sites at CVD grown monolayer graphene through the selective electrodeposition of MoO2 nanowires. Sci Reports Nature 2019; 9(12814): 1-9.
[3]
Chen Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Zhu H. Highly efficient hot electron harvesting from graphene before electron-hole thermalization. Sci Adv 2019; 5(11): eaax9958.
[4]
Navarro JJ, Pisarra M, Nieto-Ortega B, et al. Graphene catalyzes the reversible formation of a C–C bond between two molecules. Sci Adv 2018; 4(12): eaau9366.
[5]
Lin L, Zhao W, Ta Quang H, et al. Large-area synthesis of superclean graphene via selectiveetching of amorphous carbon with carbon dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed 2019; 58: 14446-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201905672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201905672]
[6]
Geim A, Novoselov K. The nobel prize in physics 2010,
press release media of royal Swedish academy of sciences.
2010. Available from:
www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2010/pressrelease/
[7]
Rickhaus P, M.-Hao Liu, Kurpas M, et al. The electronic thickness of graphene. Sci Adv 2020; 6(11): eaay8409.
[8]
Kim K, Yankowitz M, Fallahazad B, et al. van der Waals heterostructures with high accuracy rotational alignment. Nano Lett 2016; 16(3): 1989-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05263] [PMID: 26859527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05263] [PMID: 26859527]
[9]
Bürgi L, Jeandupeux O, Hirstein A, Brune H, Kern K. Confinement of surface state electrons in fabry-prot resonators. Phys Rev Lett 1998; 81: 5370-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5370]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5370]
[10]
Cheng A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Kim P, Pillet JD. Guiding dirac fermions in graphene with a carbon nanotube. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123(21): 216804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.216804] [PMID: 31809158]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.216804] [PMID: 31809158]
[11]
Li W, Li D, Fu Q, Pan C. Conductive enhancement of copper/graphene composites based on a high-quality graphene. RSC Advances 2015; 5(98): 80428-33.
[12]
Depine RA. Electromagnetics of graphene, chapter 1.
Morgan & Claypool Publishers 2016; pp. 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/978-1-6817-4309-7ch1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/978-1-6817-4309-7ch1]
[13]
Gandil M. Propriétés magnéto-optiques de nanotubes de
carbone individuels suspendus. Thesis HAL CCSD Université
de Bordeaux 2017.
[14]
Berdyugin AI, Tsim B, Kumaravadivel P, et al. Minibands in twisted bilayer graphene probed by magnetic focusing. Sci Adv 2020; 6: 1-5.
[15]
Ojeda MM, Perez-Martinez AN, Renteria TVM, et al. Density functional theory calculations of the radial breathing mode in graphene quantum dots. J Nanophotonics 2019; 13(4): 0406011.
[16]
C.-Hu Chen, Hu S, J.-Fu Shih, et al. Effective synthesis of highly oxidized graphene oxide that enables wafer-scale nanopatterning: Preformed acidic oxidizing medium approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7(3908): 1-10.
[17]
Spitalsky Z, Tasis D, Papagelis K, Galiotis C. Carbon nanotube polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties. Prog Polym Sci 2010; 35: 357.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.09.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.09.003]
[18]
Pradeep T. NANO: The essentials: Understanding nanoscience and nanotechnology. Mc Graw Hill 2007.
[19]
Rao CNR, Müller A, Cheetham AK. The chemistry of
nanomaterials. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
2004.
[20]
Feito MJ, Vila M, Matesanz MC, et al. In vitro evaluation of graphene oxide nanosheets on immune function. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 432: 221-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.004] [PMID: 25086397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.004] [PMID: 25086397]
[21]
Lin L, Li J, Yuan Q, et al. Nitrogen cluster doping for high
mobility/conductivity graphene films with milimeter sized
domains. Sci Adv 2019; 5: 1-9. eaaw8337
[22]
Hou ICY, Sun Q, Eimre K, et al. On-surface synthesis of unsaturated carbon nanostructures with regularly fused pentagon-heptagon pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142(23): 10291-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c03635] [PMID: 32428409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c03635] [PMID: 32428409]
[23]
Xu J, Ge L, Zhou Y, et al. Insight into N, P, S multi-doped Mo2C/C composites as highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction cata-lyst. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2: 3334-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00335B]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00335B]
[24]
Gandil M, Matsuda K, Lounis B, Tamarat P. Spectroscopic signatures of spin-orbit coupling and free excitons in individual suspended carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev B 2019; 100(8): 081411.
[25]
Wei You J, Lan Z, Panoiu NC. Four-wave mixing of topological edge plasmons in graphene metasurfaces. Sci Adv 2020; 6(13): 3910.
[26]
Liu J, Tang J, Gooding JJ. Strategies for chemical modification of graphene and applications of chemically modified graphene. J Mater Chem 2012; 22: 12435-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm31218b]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm31218b]
[27]
Azami D, Abdulkareem SS, Hassanzadeh A. Resonant enhancement of evanescent waves with graphene and double negative materials in the visible regime. J Nanophotonics 2020; 14(3): 036003.
[28]
Depine RA. Depine, IOP. Concise physics, graphene optics:
Electromagnetic solution of canonical problemas,
chapter 1: Electromagnetics of graphene. Morgan & Claypool
Publisher 2020; pp. 1-16.
[29]
Savastano M, Arranz-Mascarós P, Paz CM, et al. A new eterogeneous catalyst obtained via supramolecular decoration of graphene with a Pd2+ azamacrocyclic complex. Molecules 2019; 24(2714): 1-19.
[30]
Manousi N, Rosenberg E, Deliyanni E, Zachariadis GA, Samanidou V. Magnetic solid-phase extraction of organic compounds based on graphene oxide nanocomposites. Molecules 2020; 25(5): 1-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051148] [PMID: 32143401]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051148] [PMID: 32143401]
[31]
Borah CK, Tyagi PK, Kumar S. The prospective application of a graphene/MoS2 heterostructure in Si-HIT solar cells for higher effi-ciency. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2: 3231-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00309C]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00309C]
[32]
Piotrowiak P. Photoinduced electron transfer in molecular systems: recent developments. Chem Soc Rev 1999; 28: 143-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a707029b]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a707029b]
[33]
Steinberg-Yfrach G, Liddell PA, Hung SC, Moore AL,
Gust D, Moore TA. Conversion of light energy to proton
potencial in liposomes by artificial photosynthetic reaction
centres. Nature letters 1997; 385: 239-41.
[34]
Robinson JN, Cole-Hamilton DJ. Electron transfer across vesicle bilayers. Chem Soc Rev 1991; 20: 49-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/cs9912000049]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/cs9912000049]
[35]
Fang Y, Tollin G. Light induced electron transfer reactions between chlorophyll and quinone in liposomes: Radical formation and de-cay in negatively charged vesicles. Photochem Photobiol 1983; 38(4): 429-39.
[36]
Hubig SM, Dionne BC, Rodgers MAJ. Effect of micellar media-on the electron-transfer reaction between benzylviologen and quinone. J Phys Chem 1986; 90: 5813-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100280a082]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100280a082]
[37]
Burda C, Green TC, Link S, El-Sayed MA. Electron shuttling across the interface of CdSe nanoparticles monitored by femtosecond laser spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 1999; 103: 1783-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9843050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9843050]
[38]
Cleaves HJII, Michalkova Scott A, Hill FC, Leszczynski J, Sahai N, Hazen R. Mineral-organic interfacial processes: Potential roles in the origins of life. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41(16): 5502-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35112a] [PMID: 22743683]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35112a] [PMID: 22743683]
[39]
Walde P. Surfactant assemblies and their various possible roles for the origin(s) of life. Orig Life Evol Biosph 2006; 36(2): 109-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-005-9004-3] [PMID: 16642266]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-005-9004-3] [PMID: 16642266]
[40]
Pizzarello S, Cooper GW, Flynn GJ. The nature and distribution of the organic material in carbonaceous chondrites and interplanetary dust particles. Meteorites Early Solar Syst II 2003; 1: 625-51.
[41]
Bracamonte AG, Burkhardt KK, Veglia AV, Boudreau D.
Design of new photonic nanomaterials applied to the transference
and storage of high energy in the near and far field.
Bitácora digital journal. 8th Ed. Faculty of Chem. Sc, UNC
2017; pp. 1-18. Energy, 4.
[42]
Bracamonte AG, Boudreau D, Landis WW, Sahai N. From
origin of life to synthetic biology developments and biotechnological
applications. Bitácora Digital J 1: 9.
[43]
Kafafi ZH, Martín-Palma RJ, Nogueira AF, et al. Review: The role of photonics in energy. J Photonics Energy 2015; 5(050997): 1-45.
[44]
Sutty S, Williams G, Aziz H. Fullerene-based Schottky-junction organic solar cells: A brief review. J Photonics Energy 2014; 4: 040999.
[45]
Kavitha MK, Jaiswal M. Graphene: A review of optical properties and photonic applications. Asian J Phys 2016; 25(7): 809-31.
[46]
Vedhanarayanan B, Praveen VK, Das G, Ajayaghosh A. Hybrid materials of 1D and 2D carbon allotropes and synthetic π-systems. NPG Asia Mater 2018; 10: 107-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41427-018-0017-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41427-018-0017-6]
[47]
Kotal M, Bhowmick A. Multifunctional hybrid materials based on carbon nanotube chemically bonded to reduced graphene oxide. J Phys Chem C 2013; 117(48): 25865-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp4097265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp4097265]
[48]
Begley MR, Gianola DS, Ray TR. Bridging functional nanocomposites to robust macroscale devices. Science 2019; 364(6447): 4299.
[49]
Deeney C, McKiernan EP, Belhout SA, Rodriguez BJ, Redmond G, Quin SJ. Template-assisted synthesis of luminescent carbon nanofibers from beverage-related precursors by microwave heating. Molecules 2019; 24(8): 1455.
[50]
Qiu C, Wang B, Zhang N, et al. Transparent ferroelectric crystals with ultrahigh piezoelectricity. Nature 2020; 577(7790): 350-4.
[51]
Yan X, Zhou Q, Vincent M, et al. Multifunctional biohybrid magnetite microrobots for imaging-guided therapy. Sci Robot 2017; 2: 1155.
[52]
Kshetrimayum RS. A brief intro to metamaterials. IEEE Potentials 2005; 23(5): 44-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MP.2005.1368916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MP.2005.1368916]
[53]
Zhong Y, Devi MS, Hamilton T, Wasserman D. Review of mid-infrared plasmonic materials. J Nanophotonics 2015; 9(1): 093791.
[54]
Koppens FHL, Chang DE, García de Abajo FJ. Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong light-matter interactions. Nano Lett 2011; 11(8): 3370-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl201771h] [PMID: 21766812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl201771h] [PMID: 21766812]
[55]
Borah CK, Tyagi PK, Kumar S. The prospective application of Graphene/MoS2 heterostructure in Si-HIT solar cells for higher effi-ciency. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2(8): 3231-43.
[56]
Sathe C, Zou X, Pierre Leburton J, Schulten K. Computational investigation of DNA detection using graphene nanopores. ACS Nano 2011; 5(11): 8842-51.
[57]
Polat EO, Mercier G, Nikitskiy I, et al. Flexible graphene photodetectors for wearable fitness monitoring. Sci Adv 2019; 5(9): eaaw7846.
[58]
Afroj S, Karim N, Wang Z, et al. Engineering graphene flakes for wearable textile sensors via highly scalable and ultrafast yarn dyeing technique. ACS Nano 2019; 13(4): 3847-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00319] [PMID: 30816692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00319] [PMID: 30816692]
Article Metrics
7