Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Cardiology Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Ablation Therapy for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Author(s): Ikechukwu Ifedili, Kristina Mouksian, David Jones, Ibrahim El Masri, Mark Heckle, John Jefferies and Yehoshua C. Levine*

Volume 18, Issue 2, 2022

Published on: 29 July, 2021

Article ID: e290721195115 Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1573403X17666210729101752

Price: $65

Abstract

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of electrical disturbance of the heart and contributes to significant patient morbidity and mortality. With a better understanding of the mechanisms of atrial fibrillation and improvements in mapping and ablation technologies, ablation has become a preferred therapy for patients with symptomatic AF. Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone for AF ablation therapy, but particularly in patients with AF occurring for longer than 7 days (persistent AF), identifying clinically significant nonpulmonary vein targets and achieving durability of ablation lesions remains an important challenge.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, ablation, pulmonary vein isolation, cryoballoon, radiofrequency, left atrium.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Cervellin G. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: An increasing epidemic and public health challenge. Int J Stroke 2020; 16(2): 217-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493019897870] [PMID: 31955707]
[2]
Fauchier L, Villejoubert O, Clementy N, et al. Causes of death and influencing factors in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med 2016; 129(12): 1278-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.06.045] [PMID: 27476087]
[3]
Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2018; 378(5): 417-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1707855] [PMID: 29385358]
[4]
Liang JJ, Callans DJ. Ablation for atrial fibrillation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Card Fail Rev 2018; 4(1): 33-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2018:3:1] [PMID: 29892474]
[5]
Parkash R. Triggers, substrate, and hypertension in atrial fibrillation: How does it all add up? JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2015; 1(3): 174-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2015.05.005] [PMID: 29759361]
[6]
Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(10): 659-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199809033391003] [PMID: 9725923]
[7]
Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Van Gelder IC, et al. Comprehensive risk reduction in patients with atrial fibrillation: emerging diagnostic and therapeutic options-a report from the 3rd Atrial Fibrillation Competence NETwork/European Heart Rhythm Association consensus conference. Europace 2012; 14(1): 8-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/eur241] [PMID: 21791573]
[8]
Benjamin EJ, Chen PS, Bild DE, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation: report from a national heart, lung, and blood institute workshop. Circulation 2009; 119(4): 606-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.825380] [PMID: 19188521]
[9]
Teh AW, Kistler PM, Lee G, et al. Electroanatomic remodeling of the left atrium in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation patients without structural heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23(3): 232-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02178.x] [PMID: 21955090]
[10]
Briceño DF, Markman TM, Lupercio F, et al. Catheter ablation versus conventional treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2018; 53(1): 19-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10840-018-0425-0] [PMID: 30066291]
[11]
Mukherjee RK, Williams SE, Niederer SA, O’Neill MD. Atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with heart failure: one size does not fit all. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2018; 7(2): 84-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2018.11.3] [PMID: 29967679]
[12]
Lu Z, Scherlag BJ, Lin J, et al. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation: autonomic mechanism for atrial electrical remodeling induced by short-term rapid atrial pacing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008; 1(3): 184-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.108.784272] [PMID: 19808412]
[13]
Mahida S, Sacher F, Derval N, et al. Science linking pulmonary veins and atrial fibrillation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2015; 4(1): 40-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2015.4.1.40] [PMID: 26835098]
[14]
Hussein A, Das M, Riva S, et al. Use of ablation index-guided ablation results in high rates of durable pulmonary vein isolation and freedom from arrhythmia in persistent atrial fibrillation patients: The PRAISE Study Results. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018; 11(9): e006576.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.118.006576] [PMID: 30354288]
[15]
Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(38): 2893-962.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210] [PMID: 27567408]
[16]
Atienza F, Almendral J, Jalife J, et al. Real-time dominant frequency mapping and ablation of dominant frequency sites in atrial fibrillation with left-to-right frequency gradients predicts long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6(1): 33-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.10.024] [PMID: 19121797]
[17]
Jaïs P, Cauchemez B, Macle L, et al. Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: the A4 study. Circulation 2008; 118(24): 2498-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.772582] [PMID: 19029470]
[18]
Wazni OM, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293(21): 2634-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.21.2634] [PMID: 15928285]
[19]
Wilber DJ, Pappone C, Neuzil P, et al. Comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 303(4): 333-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.2029] [PMID: 20103757]
[20]
Su WW, Reddy VY, Bhasin K, et al. Cryoballoon ablation of pulmonary veins for persistent atrial fibrillation: Results from the multicenter STOP Persistent AF trial. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17(11): 1841-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.020] [PMID: 32590151]
[21]
Voskoboinik A, Moskovitch JT, Harel N, Sanders P, Kistler PM, Kalman JM. Revisiting pulmonary vein isolation alone for persistent atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14(5): 661-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.01.003] [PMID: 28434446]
[22]
Boveda S, Metzner A, Nguyen DQ, et al. Single-procedure outcomes and quality-of-life improvement 12 Months post-cryoballoon ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation: Results from the multicenter CRYO4PERSISTENT AF Trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 4(11): 1440-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2018.07.007] [PMID: 30466850]
[23]
Rottner L, Bellmann B, Lin T, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: State of the art and future perspectives. Cardiol Ther 2020; 9(1): 45-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40119-019-00158-2] [PMID: 31898209]
[24]
Scherr D, Khairy P, Miyazaki S, et al. Five-year outcome of catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation using termination of atrial fibrillation as a procedural endpoint. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8(1): 18-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.114.001943] [PMID: 25528745]
[25]
Terricabras M, Piccini JP, Verma A. Ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: Challenges and solutions. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31(7): 1809-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.14311] [PMID: 31828883]
[26]
Santangeli P, Marchlinski FE. Techniques for the provocation, localization, and ablation of non-pulmonary vein triggers for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14(7): 1087-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.02.030] [PMID: 28259694]
[27]
Kubala M, Lucena-Padros I, Xie S, et al. P-wave morphology and multipolar intracardiac atrial activation to facilitate nonpulmonary vein trigger localization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30(6): 865-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.13899] [PMID: 30834593]
[28]
Hyman MC, Marchlinski FE. Persistent atrial fibrillation: When the pulmonary veins are no longer the answer. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31(7): 1861-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.14509] [PMID: 32314843]
[29]
Gourraud JB, Andrade JG, Macle L, Mondésert B. Pharmacological tests in atrial fibrillation ablation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2016; 5(3): 170-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2016:27:2] [PMID: 28116081]
[30]
Oral H, Crawford T, Frederick M, et al. Inducibility of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation by isoproterenol and its relation to the mode of onset of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19(5): 466-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.01089.x] [PMID: 18266669]
[31]
Sakamoto Y, Osanai H, Hiramatsu S, et al. Efficacy of isoproterenol in the evaluation of dormant conduction and arrhythmogenic foci identification in atrial fibrillation ablation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20(1): 397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01685-w] [PMID: 32867695]
[32]
Elayi CS, Di Biase L, Bai R, et al. Administration of isoproterenol and adenosine to guide supplemental ablation after pulmonary vein antrum isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 24(11): 1199-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.12252] [PMID: 24020649]
[33]
Baker M, Kumar P, Hummel JP, Gehi AK. Non-inducibility or termination as endpoints of atrial fibrillation ablation: What is the role? J Atr Fibrillation 2014; 7(3): 1125.
[PMID: 27957119]
[34]
Otsuka T, Sagara K, Arita T, et al. Impact of electrophysiological and pharmacological noninducibility following pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm 2018; 34(5): 501-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joa3.12085] [PMID: 30327695]
[35]
Liu H, Yuan P, Zhu X, Fu L, Hong K, Hu J. Is atrial fibrillation noninducibility by burst pacing after catheter ablation associated with reduced clinical recurrence?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9(14): e015260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.015260] [PMID: 32654581]
[36]
Di Biase L, Burkhardt JD, Mohanty P, et al. Left atrial appendage isolation in patients with longstanding persistent AF undergoing catheter ablation: BELIEF Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68(18): 1929-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.770] [PMID: 27788847]
[37]
Santangeli P, Zado ES, Hutchinson MD, et al. Prevalence and distribution of focal triggers in persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13(2): 374-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.10.023] [PMID: 26477712]
[38]
Inoue K, Kurotobi T, Kimura R, et al. Trigger-based mechanism of the persistence of atrial fibrillation and its impact on the efficacy of catheter ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 5(2): 295-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.111.964080] [PMID: 22042883]
[39]
Della Rocca DG, Tarantino N, Trivedi C, et al. Non-pulmonary vein triggers in nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation: Implications of pathophysiology for catheter ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31(8): 2154-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.14638] [PMID: 32583488]
[40]
Yang G, Yang B, Wei Y, et al. Catheter ablation of nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation using electrophysiologically guided substrate modification during sinus rhythm after pulmonary vein isolation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9(2): e003382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003382] [PMID: 26857907]
[41]
Lee AM, Melby SJ, Damiano RJ Jr. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. Surg Clin North Am 2009; 89(4): 1001-1020, x-xi. [x-xi.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.001] [PMID: 19782848]
[42]
Knecht S, Hocini M, Wright M, et al. Left atrial linear lesions are required for successful treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2008; 29(19): 2359-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn302] [PMID: 18614522]
[43]
Verma A, Jiang CY, Betts TR, et al. Approaches to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(19): 1812-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1408288] [PMID: 25946280]
[44]
Kottkamp H, Schreiber D, Moser F, Rieger A. Therapeutic approaches to atrial fibrillation ablation targeting atrial fibrosis. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2017; 3(7): 643-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2017.05.009] [PMID: 29759532]
[45]
Mohanty S, Mohanty P, Di Biase L, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and severe left atrial scarring: comparison between pulmonary vein antrum isolation only or pulmonary vein isolation combined with either scar homogenization or trigger ablation. Europace 2017; 19(11): 1790-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw338] [PMID: 28039211]
[46]
Schmidt EJ, Halperin HR. MRI use for atrial tissue characterization in arrhythmias and for EP procedure guidance. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 34(1): 81-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-017-1179-y] [PMID: 28593399]
[47]
Thiyagarajah A, Kadhim K, Lau DH, et al. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of posterior wall isolation during atrial fibrillation ablation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12(8): e007005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.118.007005] [PMID: 31401853]
[48]
Bai R, Di Biase L, Mohanty P, et al. Proven isolation of the pulmonary vein antrum with or without left atrial posterior wall isolation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13(1): 132-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.08.019] [PMID: 26277862]
[49]
Aryana A, Baker JH, Espinosa Ginic MA, et al. Posterior wall isolation using the cryoballoon in conjunction with pulmonary vein ablation is superior to pulmonary vein isolation alone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: A multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15(8): 1121-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.05.014] [PMID: 30060879]
[50]
He X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Wu L, Huang Y, He J. Left atrial posterior wall isolation reduces the recurrence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2016; 46(3): 267-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10840-016-0124-7] [PMID: 26971331]
[51]
Lee JM, Shim J, Park J, et al. The electrical isolation of the left atrial posterior wall in catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019; 5(11): 1253-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2019.08.021] [PMID: 31753429]
[52]
Berenfeld O, Jalife J. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: rotors, ionic determinants, and excitation frequency. Heart Fail Clin 2016; 12(2): 167-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2015.08.014] [PMID: 26968663]
[53]
Haissaguerre M, Hocini M, Denis A, et al. Driver domains in persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2014; 130(7): 530-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005421] [PMID: 25028391]
[54]
Narayan SM, Krummen DE, Shivkumar K, Clopton P, Rappel WJ, Miller JM. Treatment of atrial fibrillation by the ablation of localized sources: CONFIRM (Conventional Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation With or Without Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60(7): 628-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.05.022] [PMID: 22818076]
[55]
Lim HS, Hocini M, Dubois R, et al. Complexity and distribution of drivers in relation to duration of dersistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69(10): 1257-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.014] [PMID: 28279292]
[56]
Gianni C, Mohanty S, Di Biase L, et al. Acute and early outcomes of focal impulse and rotor modulation (FIRM)-guided rotors-only ablation in patients with nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13(4): 830-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.12.028] [PMID: 26706193]
[57]
Mohanty S, Gianni C, Trivedi C, et al. Impact of rotor ablation in non-paroxysmal AF patients: Findings from the per-protocol population of the OASIS trial at long-term follow-up. Am Heart J 2018; 205: 145-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2018.05.021] [PMID: 30144981]
[58]
Honarbakhsh S, Schilling RJ, Dhillon G, et al. A novel mapping system for panoramic mapping of the left atrium: Application to detect and characterize localized sources maintaining atrial fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 4(1): 124-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2017.09.177] [PMID: 29387810]
[59]
Metzner A, Wissner E, Tsyganov A, et al. Noninvasive phase mapping of persistent atrial fibrillation in humans: Comparison with invasive catheter mapping. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2018; 23(4): e12527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anec.12527] [PMID: 29271538]
[60]
Knecht S, Sohal M, Deisenhofer I, et al. Multicentre evaluation of non-invasive biatrial mapping for persistent atrial fibrillation ablation: the AFACART study. Europace 2017; 19(8): 1302-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw168] [PMID: 28204452]
[61]
Willems S, Verma A, Betts TR, et al. Targeting nonpulmonary vein sources in persistent atrial fibrillation identified by noncontact charge density mapping: UNCOVER AF Trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12(7): e007233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007233] [PMID: 31242746]
[62]
Verma A, Sarkozy A, Skanes A, et al. Characterization and significance of localized sources identified by a novel automated algorithm during mapping of human persistent atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018; 29(11): 1480-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.13742] [PMID: 30230079]
[63]
Kuck KH, Brugada J, Fürnkranz A, et al. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(23): 2235-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602014] [PMID: 27042964]
[64]
Andrade JG, Champagne J, Dubuc M, et al. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation assessed by continuous monitoring: A randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2019; 140(22): 1779-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042622] [PMID: 31630538]
[65]
Hoffmann E, Straube F, Wegscheider K, et al. Outcomes of cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation in symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation. Europace 2019; 21(9): 1313-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euz155] [PMID: 31199860]
[66]
Akkaya E, Berkowitsch A, Zaltsberg S, et al. Second-generation cryoballoon ablation for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation: Three-year outcome and predictors of recurrence after a single procedure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018; 29(1): 38-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.13372] [PMID: 29064127]
[67]
Vogler J, Willems S, Sultan A, et al. Pulmonary vein isolation versus defragmentation: The CHASE-AF Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66(24): 2743-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.088] [PMID: 26700836]
[68]
Nordsieck E, Zhang XJ, Malhotra P, Fan D, G Pezeshkian N, N Srivatsa U. N GP, U NS. Comparison of cryoballoon and hybrid surgical posterior wall isolation for persistent atrial fibrillation to conventional ablation. J Atr Fibrillation 2019; 11(5): 2131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4022/jafib.2131] [PMID: 31139302]
[69]
Gianni C, Chen Q, Della Rocca D, et al. Radiofrequency balloon devices for atrial fibrillation ablation. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2019; 11(3): 487-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2019.05.009] [PMID: 31400873]
[70]
Reddy VY, Schilling R, Grimaldi M, et al. Pulmonary vein isolation with a novel multielectrode radiofrequency balloon catheter that allows directionally tailored energy delivery: Short-term outcomes from a multicenter first-in-human study (RADIANCE). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12(12): e007541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007541] [PMID: 31826648]
[71]
Wakamatsu Y, Nakahara S, Nagashima K, et al. Hot balloon versus cryoballoon ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation: Lesion area, efficacy, and safety. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31(9): 2310-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.14646] [PMID: 32613693]
[72]
Nagashima K, Okumura Y, Watanabe I, et al. Hot balloon versus cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation: Lesion characteristics and middle-term outcomes. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018; 11(5): e005861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005861] [PMID: 29700055]
[73]
Natale A, Reddy VY, Monir G, et al. Paroxysmal AF catheter ablation with a contact force sensing catheter: results of the prospective, multicenter SMART-AF trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64(7): 647-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.072] [PMID: 25125294]
[74]
Reddy VY, Dukkipati SR, Neuzil P, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of the safety and effectiveness of a contact force-sensing irrigated catheter for ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Results of the TactiCath contact force ablation catheter study for atrial fibrillation (TOCCASTAR) study. Circulation 2015; 132(10): 907-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014092] [PMID: 26260733]
[75]
Conti S, Weerasooriya R, Novak P, et al. Contact force sensing for ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: A randomized, multicenter trial. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15(2): 201-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.010] [PMID: 29030237]
[76]
Mansour M, Calkins H, Osorio J, et al. Persistent atrial fibrillation ablation with contact force-sensing catheter: The prospective multicenter PRECEPT Trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2020; 6(8): 958-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.04.024] [PMID: 32819531]
[77]
Koruth J, Kuroki K, Iwasawa J, et al. Preclinical evaluation of pulsed field ablation: Electrophysiological and histological assessment of thoracic vein isolation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12(12): e007781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007781] [PMID: 31826647]
[78]
Reddy VY, Koruth J, Jais P, et al. Ablation of atrial fibrillation with pulsed electric fields: An ultra-rapid, tissue-selective modality for cardiac ablation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 4(8): 987-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2018.04.005] [PMID: 30139499]
[79]
Wittkampf FHM, van Es R, Neven K. Electroporation and its relevance for cardiac catheter ablation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 4(8): 977-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2018.06.005] [PMID: 30139498]
[80]
Reddy VY, Neuzil P, Koruth JS, et al. Pulsed field ablation for pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74(3): 315-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.021] [PMID: 31085321]
[81]
Reddy VY, Anic A, Koruth J, et al. Pulsed field ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76(9): 1068-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.007] [PMID: 32854842]
[82]
Reddy VY, Anter E, Rackauskas G, et al. Lattice-tip focal ablation catheter that toggles between radiofrequency and pulsed field energy to treat atrial fibrillation: A First-in-Human Trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13(6): e008718.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008718] [PMID: 32383391]
[83]
Yavin H, Shapira-Daniels A, Barkagan M, et al. Pulsed field ablation using a lattice electrode for focal energy delivery: Biophysical characterization, lesion durability, and safety evaluation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13(6): e008580.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008580] [PMID: 32372696]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
25
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy