Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1386-2073
ISSN (Online): 1875-5402

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Essential Oils as Potential Source of Anti-dandruff Agents: A Review

Author(s): Shagun Jain, Poonam Arora* and Lalit Mohan Nainwal*

Volume 25, Issue 9, 2022

Published on: 12 July, 2021

Page: [1411 - 1426] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210712094148

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Dandruff is a frequent occurring scalp problem that causes significant discomfort to approximately 50% population at some stage of life, especially post-puberty and preadult age.

Objectives: In this review, we aim to summarise the recent findings regarding anti-fungal properties of herbal essential oils against pathogens involved in dandruff prognosis.

Methods: A literature search of studies published between 2000 and 2020 was conducted over databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. Literature was explored using the guidelines given in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

Results: Dandruff, characterised by clinical symptoms of dryness, pruritis, scaly, and flaky scalp, is considered as a primary manifestation of seborrheic dermatitis. Amongst various etiological and pathophysiological factors, significant role of yeasts, primarily, species of Malassezia, Candida, has been strongly correlated with dandruff, while incidences of M. furfur, M. restricta and M. globosa are high compared to others. Due to relapse of symptoms with withdrawal of conventional anti-dandruff products, patients find best alternatives in natural products. Essential oils of herbal origin such as tea tree oil, lime oil, rosemary oil, have gained global importance in dermatology. These oils are rich in aromatic secondary metabolites, especially terpenes and phenolic components that impart substantial antimicrobial properties and resisting biofilm production.

Conclusion: On the basis of the available information, we can conclude that essential oils have huge potential to be developed as anti-dandruff products, however, further studies are warranted to establish their efficacy in dandruff cure.

Keywords: Anti-dandruff, anti-fungal, M. furfur, seborrheic dermatitis, essential oils, M. globosa.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Borda, L.J.; Wikramanayake, T.C. Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff: A comprehensive review. J. Clin. Investig. Dermatol., 2015, 3(2), 1-22.
[PMID: 27148560]
[2]
Turner, G.A.; Hoptroff, M.; Harding, C.R. Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2012, 34(4), 298-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00723.x] [PMID: 22515370]
[3]
Manuel, F.; Ranganathan, S. A new postulate on two stages of dandruff: A clinical perspective. Int. J. Trichology, 2011, 3(1), 3-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.82117] [PMID: 21769228]
[4]
DeAngelis, Y.M.; Gemmer, C.M.; Kaczvinsky, J.R.; Kenneally, D.C.; Schwartz, J.R.; Dawson, T.L., Jr Three etiologic facets of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: Malassezia fungi, sebaceous lipids, and individual sensitivity. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 2005, 10(3), 295-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10119.x] [PMID: 16382685]
[5]
Ro, B.I.; Dawson, T.L. The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 2005, 10(3), 194-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10104.x] [PMID: 16382662]
[6]
James, Q.; Del Rosso, DO. The clinical relevance of maintaining the functional integrity of the stratum corneum in both healthy and disease-affected skin. The Clin. Aesthetic dermat., 2011, 4(9), 22-42.
[7]
Schwartz, J.R.; Messenger, A.G.; Tosti, A.; Todd, G.; Hordinsky, M.; Hay, R.J.; Wang, X.; Zachariae, C.; Kerr, K.M.; Henry, J.P.; Rust, R.C.; Robinson, M.K. A comprehensive pathophysiology of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis - towards a more precise definition of scalp health. Acta Derm. Venereol., 2013, 93(2), 131-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1382] [PMID: 22875203]
[8]
Clavaud, C.; Jourdain, R.; Bar-Hen, A.; Tichit, M.; Bouchier, C.; Pouradier, F.; El Rawadi, C.; Guillot, J.; Ménard-Szczebara, F.; Breton, L.; Latgé, J.P.; Mouyna, I. Dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3), e58203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058203] [PMID: 23483996]
[9]
Harding, C.R.; Moore, A.E.; Rogers, J.S. Dandruff: A condition characterized by decreased levels of intercellular lipids in scalp stratum corneum and impaired barrier function. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2002, 294(5), 221-230.
[10]
Elewski, B.E. Clinical diagnosis of common scalp disorders. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 2005, 10(3), 190-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10103.x] [PMID: 16382661]
[11]
Piérard-Franchimont, C.; Xhauflaire-Uhoda, E.; Piérard, G.E. Revisiting dandruff. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2006, 28(5), 311-318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00326.x] [PMID: 18489295]
[12]
Sampai, A.L.S.B.; Mameri, Â.C.A.; Vargas, T.J.; Ramos-e-Silva, M.; Nunes, A.P.; Carneiro, S.C. Dermatite seborreica. An. Bras. Dermatol., 2011, 86(6), 1061-1074.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011000600002] [PMID: 22281892]
[13]
Clark, G.W.; Pope, S.M.; Jaboori, K.A. Diagnosis and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Am. Fam. Physician, 2015, 91(3), 185-190.
[PMID: 25822272]
[14]
Xu, J.; Saunders, C.W.; Hu, P.; Grant, R.A.; Boekhout, T.; Kuramae, E.E.; Kronstad, J.W.; Deangelis, Y.M.; Reeder, N.L.; Johnstone, K.R.; Leland, M.; Fieno, A.M.; Begley, W.M.; Sun, Y.; Lacey, M.P.; Chaudhary, T.; Keough, T.; Chu, L.; Sears, R.; Yuan, B.; Dawson, T.L. Jr Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104(47), 18730-18735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706756104] [PMID: 18000048]
[15]
Ranganathan, S.; Mukhopadhyay, T. Dandruff: the most commercially exploited skin disease. Indian J. Dermatol., 2010, 55(2), 130-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.62734] [PMID: 20606879]
[16]
Rispail, P.; Bourgeois, N.; Sasso, M.; Lachaud, L. Dandruff and scalp seborrheic dermatitis. Role of the laboratory in the evaluation of fungal involvement. Rev. Francoph. des. Lab., 2013, 2013(454), 41-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1773-035X(13)72130-0]
[17]
de Groot, A.C.; Schmidt, E. Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition. Contact Dermat., 2016, 75(3), 129-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.12591] [PMID: 27173437]
[18]
Wang, L.; Qi, Z.; Ya-Xin, Z.; Xue-Mei, L.; Zhao, W-Z.; Zhi-Yang, D. Insights into microbial diversity on the scalp and anti-dandruff agents. Sci. Rep., 2019, 46(10)
[19]
Faergemann, J. Management of seborrheic dermatitis and Pityriasis versicolor. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 2000, 1(2), 75-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200001020-00001] [PMID: 11702314]
[20]
Elewski, B.E. Safe and effective treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Therap. for the clin., 2009, 83, 333-338.
[21]
Subissi, A.; Monti, D.; Togni, G.; Mailland, F. Ciclopirox: recent nonclinical and clinical data relevant to its use as a topical antimycotic agent. Drugs, 2010, 70(16), 2133-2152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11538110-000000000-00000] [PMID: 20964457]
[22]
Del Rosso, J.Q. Adult seborrheic dermatitis: a status report on practical topical management. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol., 2011, 4(5), 32-38.
[PMID: 21607192]
[23]
Salehi, B.; Valussi, M.; Morais-Braga, M.F.B.; Carneiro, J.N.P.; Leal, A.L.A.B.; Coutinho, H.D.M.; Vitalini, S. Kręgiel, D.; Antolak, H.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Silva, N.C.C.; Yousaf, Z.; Martorell, M.; Iriti, M.; Carradori, S.; Sharifi-Rad, J. Morais-Braga. M. Tagetes spp. essential oils and other extracts: Chemical characterization and biological activity. Molecules, 2018, 23(11), 2847.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112847] [PMID: 30388858]
[24]
Nazish, I.; Ansari, S.H.; Arora, P.; Ahmad, A. Antiobesity activity of Zingiber officinale. Phcog. J., 2016, 8(5), 440-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2016.5.5]
[25]
Arora, P.; Ansari, S.; Nazish, I. Study of antiobesity effects of ethanolic and water extracts of grapes seeds. J. Complement. Integr. Med., 2011, 8(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1510] [PMID: 22754935]
[26]
Luqman, S.; Dwivedi, G.R.; Darokar, M.P.; Kalra, A.; Khanuja, S.P.S. Potential of rosemary oil to be used in drug-resistant infections. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 2007, 13(5), 54-59.
[PMID: 17900043]
[27]
Wińska, K.; Mączka, W.; Łyczko, J.; Grabarczyk, M.; Czubaszek, A.; Szumny, A. Essential oils as antimicrobial agents-myth or real alternative? Molecules, 2019, 24(11), 2130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112130] [PMID: 31195752]
[28]
Selvakumar, P.; Naveena, B.E.; Prakash, S.D. Studies on the anti-dandruff activity of the essential oil of Coleus amboinicus and Eucalyptus globulus. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2012, 2(2), S715-S719.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60250-3]
[29]
Carson, C.; Hammer, K.A.; Riley, T.V. Antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca spp. oil against clinical isolates of antibiotics resistant. Yao Wu Shi Pin Fen Xi, 2012, 21(2), 169-176.
[30]
Trupti, P.; Gadekar, S.S. To study the anti-dandruff activity of rosemary oil, basil oil, coleus oil over selenium sulfide. J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci., 2018, 6(2), 36-39.
[31]
Arora, P.; Ansari, S.H.; Najmi, A.K.; Anjum, V.; Ahmad, S. Investigation of anti-asthmatic potential of dried fruits of Vitis vinifera L. in animal model of bronchial asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol., 2016, 12(1), 42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13223-016-0145-x] [PMID: 27536321]
[32]
Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ, 2009, 339, b2535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535] [PMID: 19622551]
[33]
Novak, N.; Bieber, T.; Leung, D.Y.M. Immune mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2003, 112(6)(Suppl.), S128-S139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.032] [PMID: 14657843]
[34]
Sadhasivam, S.; Garkhal, K.; Singh, H.; Yadav, V.; Chawrai, S.; Ramnane, M.; Jain, S.; Sardana, K.; Ghosh, S. Newly developed anti-dandruff regimen, VB-3222, delivers enhanced sensorial and effective therapeutic benefits against moderate adherent dandruff. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 2020, 13, 187-195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S219109] [PMID: 32110083]
[35]
Qingbin, L. Panchamukhi, A.; Pan, Li.; Wang, Shan.; Hongwei, Zhou.; Lihua, Hou. Malassezia and Staphylococcus dominate scalp microbiome for seborrheic dermatitis. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng., 2020, 11(4), 1-4.
[36]
Velegraki, A.; Cafarchia, C.; Gaitanis, G.; Iatta, R.; Boekhout, T. Malassezia infections in humans and animals: pathophysiology, detection, and treatment. PLoS Pathog., 2015, 11(1), e1004523.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004523] [PMID: 25569140]
[37]
Saxena, R.; Mittal, P.; Clavaud, C.; Dhakan, D.B.; Hegde, P.; Veeranagaiah, M.M.; Saha, S.; Souverain, L.; Roy, N.; Breton, L.; Misra, N.; Sharma, V.K. Comparison of healthy and dandruff scalp microbiome reveals the role of commensals in scalp health. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2018, 8, 346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00346] [PMID: 30338244]
[38]
Warner, R.R.; Schwartz, J.R.; Boissy, Y.; Dawson, T.L., Jr Dandruff has an altered stratum corneum ultrastructure that is improved with zinc pyrithione shampoo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2001, 45(6), 897-903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.117849] [PMID: 11712036]
[39]
Grimalt, R. A practical guide to scalp disorders. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 2007, 12(2), 10-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650048] [PMID: 18004290]
[40]
Verma, P.; Namdeo, C. Treatment of Pediculosis capitis. Indian J. Dermatol., 2015, 60(3), 238-247.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.156339] [PMID: 26120148]
[41]
Sahoo, A.K.; Mahajan, R. Management of Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, and Tinea pedis: A comprehensive review. Indian Dermatol. Online J., 2016, 7(2), 77-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.178099] [PMID: 27057486]
[42]
Jahan, R.; Rahman, T.; Rahmatullah, M. Plants used in the folk medicine of Bangladesh for treatment of Tinea infections. In: Anti-fungal Metabolites from Plants; Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013, pp. 333-366.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38076-1_12]
[43]
Ratnavel, R.C.; Squire, R.A.; Boorman, G.C. Clinical efficacies of shampoos containing ciclopirox olamine (1.5%) and ketoconazole (2.0%) in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. J. Dermatolog. Treat., 2007, 18(2), 88-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16537150601092944] [PMID: 17520465]
[44]
Okokon, E.O.; Verbeek, J.H.; Ruotsalainen, J.H.; Ojo, O.A.; Bakhoya, V.N. Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2015, 2015(5), CD008138.
[PMID: 25933684]
[45]
Reddy, R.C.J.; Jeelani, S.; Duraiselvi, P.; Kandasamy, M.; Kumar, G.S.; Pandian, R.A.V. Assessment of the effectiveness of fluconazole and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis patients: A comparative study. J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent., 2017, 7(2), 90-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_34_17] [PMID: 28462176]
[46]
Glatz, M.; Bosshard, P.P.; Hoetzenecker, W.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P. The Role of Malassezia spp. in Atopic Dermatitis. J. Clin. Med., 2015, 4(6), 1217-1228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm4061217] [PMID: 26239555]
[47]
Dolton, M.J.; Perera, V.; Pont, L.G.; McLachlan, A.J. Terbinafine in combination with other antifungal agents for treatment of resistant or refractory mycoses: investigating optimal dosing regimens using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2014, 58(1), 48-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02006-13] [PMID: 24126579]
[48]
Crowley, P.D.; Gallagher, H.C. Clotrimazole as a pharmaceutical: past, present and future. J. Appl. Microbiol., 2014, 117(3), 611-617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12554] [PMID: 24863842]
[49]
Cox, S.D.; Mann, C.M.; Markham, J.L.; Bell, H.C.; Gustafson, J.E.; Warmington, J.R.; Wyllie, S.G. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J. Appl. Microbiol., 2000, 88(1), 170-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00943.x] [PMID: 10735256]
[50]
de Rapper, S.; Viljoen, A.; van Vuuren, S. The in vitro anti-microbial effects of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil in combination with conventional anti-microbial agents. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2016, 2016, 2752739.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2752739] [PMID: 27891157]
[51]
Nazzaro, F.; Fratianni, F.; De Martino, L.; Coppola, R.; De Feo, V. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2013, 6(12), 1451-1474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451] [PMID: 24287491]
[52]
Orchard, A.; Van Vuuren, S. Commercial essential oils as potential antimicrobials to treat skin diseases. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2017, 1-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4517971]
[53]
Raut, J.S.; Karuppayil, S.M. A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod., 2014, 62, 250-264.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.055]
[54]
Alamgir, A.N.M. Herbal drugs: Their collection, preservation, and preparation; evaluation, quality control, and standardization of herbal drugs. In: Progress in Drug Research; Birkhauser Verlag AG, 2017, 73, pp. 453-495.
[55]
Peixoto, L.R.; Rosalen, P.L.; Ferreira, G.L.S.; Freires, I.A.; de Carvalho, F.G.; Castellano, L.R.; de Castro, R.D. Antifungal activity, mode of action and anti-biofilm effects of Laurus nobilis Linnaeus essential oil against Candida spp. Arch. Oral Biol., 2017, 73, 179-185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.013] [PMID: 27771586]
[56]
Wang, Z.J.; Heinbockel, T. Essential oils and their constituents are targeting the gabaergic system and sodium channels as treatment of neurological diseases. Molecules, 2018, 23(5), 1061.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051061] [PMID: 29724056]
[57]
Shukla, A.; Kaur, A. A systematic review of traditional uses bioactive phytoconstituents of genus Ehretia. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 2018, 11(6), 88-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.25178]
[58]
Pazyar, N.; Yaghoobi, R.; Bagherani, N.; Kazerouni, A. A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. Int. J. Dermatol., 2013, 52(7), 784-790.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05654.x] [PMID: 22998411]
[59]
Hammer, K.A.; Carson, C.F.; Riley, T.V. Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J. Appl. Microbiol., 2003, 95(4), 853-860.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x] [PMID: 12969301]
[60]
Hart, P.H.; Brand, C.; Carson, C.F.; Riley, T.V.; Prager, R.H.; Finlay-Jones, J.J. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. Res., 2000, 49(11), 619-626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639] [PMID: 11131302]
[61]
Yadav, E.; Kumar, S.; Mahant, S.; Khatkar, S.; Rao, R. Tea tree oil: a promising essential oil. J. Essent. Oil Res., 2017, 29(3), 201-213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2016.1232665]
[62]
Carson, C.F.; Hammer, K.A.; Riley, T.V. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2006, 19(1), 50-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.19.1.50-62.2006] [PMID: 16418522]
[63]
Adil, M.; Singh, K.; Verma, P.K.; Khan, A.U. Eugenol-induced suppression of biofilm-forming genes in Streptococcus mutans: An approach to inhibit biofilms. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist., 2014, 2(4), 286-292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2014.05.006] [PMID: 27873689]
[64]
Chidi, F.; Bouhoudan, A.; Khaddor, M. Antifungal effect of the tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) against Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium verrucosum, J. King Saudi Univ. –. Science, 2020, 32(3), 2041-2045.
[65]
Orchard, A.; Van Vuuren, S.F.; Viljoen, A.M. Commercial essential oil combinations against topical fungal pathogens. Nat. Prod. Commun., 2019, 14(1), 151-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1901400139]
[66]
Kim, Y.G.; Lee, J.H.; Gwon, G.; Kim, S.I.; Park, J.G.; Lee, J. Il.; Park, J.G.; Lee, J. Essential oils and eugenols inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of Escherichia coli O157H7. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 36377.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep36377] [PMID: 27808174]
[67]
Mertas, A. The Influence of Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on Fluconazole Activity against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Strains. Bio Med. Res. Inter., 2015, 1-9.
[68]
Ramage, G.; Milligan, S.; Lappin, D.F.; Sherry, L.; Sweeney, P.; Williams, C.; Bagg, J.; Culshaw, S. Antifungal, cytotoxic, and immunomodulatory properties of tea tree oil and its derivative components: potential role in management of oral candidosis in cancer patients. Front. Microbiol., 2012, 3(3), 220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00220] [PMID: 22719736]
[69]
Jeong-Hyun, L.; Jae-Sug, L. Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Plant Essential Oils against Malassezia furfur. Kor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2010, 38(3), 315-321.
[70]
Brilhante, R.S.N.; Caetano, E.P.; Lima, R.A.; Marques, F.J.; Castelo-Branco, D.S.; Melo, C.V.; Guedes, G.M.; Oliveira, J.S.; Camargo, Z.P.; Moreira, J.L.; Monteiro, A.J.; Bandeira, T.J.; Cordeiro, R.A.; Rocha, M.F.; Sidrim, J.J. Terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone as potential antifungals against dimorphic fungi. Braz. J. Microbiol., 2016, 47(4), 917-924.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.015] [PMID: 27520529]
[71]
Esmael, A.; Hassan, M.G.; Amer, M.M.; Abdelrahman, S.; Hamed, A.M.; Abd-Raboh, H.A.; Foda, M.F. Antimicrobial activity of certain natural-based plant oils against the antibiotic-resistant acne bacteria. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 2020, 27(1), 448-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.11.006] [PMID: 31889869]
[72]
Váczi, E.P.; Čonková, D. Marcinčáková.; Sihelská, Z. Antifungal effect of selected essential oils on Malassezia pachydermatis growth. Folia Vet., 62(2), 67-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2018-0018]
[73]
Wongsawan, K.; Chaisri, W.; Tangtrongsup, S.; Mektrirat, R. Bactericidal effect of clove oil against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus suis isolated from human patients and slaughtered pigs. Pathogens, 2019, 9(1), 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010014] [PMID: 31877814]
[74]
Ben-Ghnaya, A.; Hanana, M.; Amri, I. Chemical composition of Eucalyptus erythrocorys essential oils and evaluation of their herbicidal and anti-fungal activities. J. Pest Sci., 2013, 86(3), 571-577.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-013-0501-2]
[75]
Tolba, H.; Moghrani, H.; Benelmouffok, A.; Kellou, D.; Maachi, R. Essential oil of Algerian Eucalyptus citriodora: Chemical composition, antifungal activity. J. Mycol. Med., 2015, 25(4), e128-e133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.10.009] [PMID: 26597375]
[76]
Park, M.J.; Gwak, K.S.; Yang, I.; Choi, W.S.; Jo, H.J.; Chang, J.W.; Jeung, E.B.; Choi, I.G. Antifungal activities of the essential oils in Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry and Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and their constituents against various dermatophytes. J. Microbiol., 2007, 45(5), 460-465.
[PMID: 17978807]
[77]
Nyegue, M.A.; Ndoyé-Foe, F.M.; Riwom Essama, S.; Hockmeni, T.C.; Etoa, F.X.; Menut, C. Chemical composition of essential oils of Eugenia caryophylla and Mentha SP CF Piperita and their in vitro anti-fungal activities on six human pathogenic fungi. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 2014, 11(6), 40-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i6.3]
[78]
Ansari, M.J.; Al-Ghamdi, A.; Usmani, S.; Khan, K.A.; Alqarni, A.S.; Kaur, M.; Al-Waili, N. In vitro evaluation of the effects of some plant essential oils on Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of Chalkbrood disease. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 2017, 24(5), 1001-1006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.04.016] [PMID: 28663695]
[79]
Powers, C.N.; Osier, J.L.; McFeeters, R.L.; Brazell, C.B.; Olsen, E.L.; Moriarity, D.M.; Satyal, P.; Setzer, W.N. Anti-fungal and cytotoxic activities of sixty commercially-available essential oils. Molecules, 2018, 23(7), 1549.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071549] [PMID: 29954086]
[80]
Marcos-Arias, C.; Eraso, E.; Madariaga, L.; Quindós, G. In vitro activities of natural products against oral Candida isolates from denture wearers. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2011, 11, 119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-119] [PMID: 22118215]
[81]
Pinto, E.; Gonçalves, M.J.; Cavaleiro, C.; Salgueiro, L. Anti-fungal activity of Thapsia villosa essential oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte species. Molecules, 2017, 22(10), 1595.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101595] [PMID: 28937623]
[82]
Fu, Y.; Zu, Y.; Chen, L.; Shi, X.; Wang, Z.; Sun, S.; Efferth, T. Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination. Phytother. Res., 2007, 21(10), 989-994.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2179] [PMID: 17562569]
[83]
Xu, J.G.; Liu, T.; Hu, Q.P.; Cao, X.M. Chemical composition, anti-bacterial properties and mechanism of action of essential oil from clove buds against Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules, 2016, 21(9), 1194.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091194] [PMID: 27617990]
[84]
Latifah-Munirah, B. Himratul-Aznita, W.H.; Mohd Zain, N. Eugenol, essential oil of clove, disrupts the cell wall of Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). Front. Life Sci., 2015, 8(3), 231-240.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2015.1045628]
[85]
Stone, N.R.H.; Bicanic, T.; Salim, R.; Hope, W. Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome®): A review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical experience and future directions. Drugs, 2016, 76(4), 485-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-016-0538-7] [PMID: 26818726]
[86]
Gow, N.A.R.; Netea, M.G. Medical mycology and fungal immunology: New research perspectives addressing a major world health challenge. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci., 1709, 2016, 371.
[87]
Brown, G.D.; Denning, D.W.; Gow, N.A.R.; Levitz, S.M.; Netea, M.G.; White, T.C. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci. Transl. Med., 2012, 4(165), 165rv13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404] [PMID: 23253612]
[88]
Manoharan, R.K.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, Y.G.; Kim, S.I.; Lee, J. Inhibitory effects of the essential oils α-longipinene and linalool on biofilm formation and hyphal growth of Candida albicans. Biofouling, 2017, 33(2), 143-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2017.1280731] [PMID: 28155334]
[89]
Dagli, N.; Dagli, R.; Mahmoud, R.S.; Baroudi, K. Essential oils, their therapeutic properties, and implication in dentistry: A review. J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent., 2015, 5(5), 335-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.165933] [PMID: 26539382]
[90]
Kumari, P.; Mishra, R.; Arora, N.; Chatrath, A.; Gangwar, R.; Roy, P.; Prasad, R. Anti-fungal and anti-biofilm activity of essential oil active components against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus laurentii. Front. Microbiol., 2017, 8, 2161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02161] [PMID: 29163441]
[91]
Basak, A.; Chakraborty, R.; Mandal, S.M. Recent Trends in Antifungal agents and Anti-fungal therapy; Published by Springer nature, India, 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2782-3]
[92]
He, M.; Du, M.; Fan, M.; Bian, Z. In vitro activity of eugenol against Candida albicans biofilms. Mycopathologia, 2007, 163(3), 137-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-0097-2] [PMID: 17356790]
[93]
Chouhan, S.; Sharma, K.; Guleria, S. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils-Present status and future perspectives. Medicines (Basel), 2017, 4(3), 58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines4030058] [PMID: 28930272]
[94]
Costa, D.C.; Costa, H.S.; Albuquerque, T.G.; Ramos, F.; Castilho, M.C.; Sanches-Silva, A. Advances in phenolic compounds analysis of aromatic plants and their potential applications. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2015, 45(2), 336-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.06.009]
[95]
Kim, J.H.; Kim, Y.; Kim, Y.J.; Park, Y. Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Potential health benefits as a functional food Ingredient. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol., 2016, 7(1), 221-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033028] [PMID: 26735796]
[96]
Dawid-Pać R. Medicinal plants used in treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Postepy Dermatol. Alergol., 2013, 30(3), 170-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2013.35620] [PMID: 24278070]
[97]
de Matos, S.P.; Teixeira, H.F.; de Lima, Á.A.N.; Veiga-Junior, V.F.; Koester, L.S. Essential Oils and Isolated Terpenes in Nanosystems Designed for Topical Administration: A Review. Biomolecules, 2019, 9(4), 138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9040138] [PMID: 30959802]
[98]
Apraj, V.; Thakur, N.D.; Bhagwat, A.; Mallya, R.; Sawant, L.; Pandita, N. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) swingle PEEL. Pharmacogn. J., 2011, 3(26), 70-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.26.12]
[99]
Aggarwal, K.K.; Khanuja, S.P.S.; Ahmad, A.; Gupta, V.K.; Kumar, S. Antimicrobial activity profiles of the two enantiomers of limonene and carvone isolated from the oils of Mentha spicata and Anethum Sowa. Flavour Fragrance J., 2002, 17(1), 59-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1040]
[100]
Vekiari, S.A.; Protopapadakis, E.E.; Papadopoulou, P.; Papanicolaou, D.; Panou, C.; Vamvakias, M. Composition and seasonal variation of the essential oil from leaves and peel of a Cretan lemon variety. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50(1), 147-153.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf001369a] [PMID: 11754559]
[101]
González-Mas, M.C.; Rambla, J.L.; López-Gresa, M.P.; Blázquez, M.A.; Granell, A. Volatile compounds in citrus essential oils: A comprehensive review. Front. Plant Sci., 2019, 10, 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00012] [PMID: 30804951]
[102]
Balouiri, M.; Sadiki, M.; Ibnsouda, S.K. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharm. Anal., 2016, 6(2), 71-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005] [PMID: 29403965]
[103]
Gamarra, F.M.C.; Sakanaka, L.S.; Tambourgi, E.B.; Cabrai, F.A. Influence on the quality of essential lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) oil by the distillation process. Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 2006, 23(1), 147-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322006000100016]
[104]
Lin, L.Y.; Chuang, C.H.; Chen, H.C.; Yang, K.M. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) swingle) essential oils: Volatile compounds, antioxidant capacity, and hypolipidemic effect. Foods, 2019, 8(9), 398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090398] [PMID: 31500259]
[105]
Al-Aamri, M.S.; Al-Abousi, N.M.; Al-Jabri, S.S.; Alam, T.; Khan, S.A. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. leaves grown in Eastern Oman. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci., 2018, 13(2), 108-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.12.002] [PMID: 31435312]
[106]
Al-Snafi, D.A.E. Nutritional value and pharmacological importance of citrus species grown in Iraq. IOSR J. Pharm., 2016, 6(08), 76-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3013-0680176108]
[107]
Lemes, R.S.; Alves, C.C.F.; Estevam, E.B.B.; Santiago, M.B.; Martins, C.H.G.; Santos, T.C.L.D.; Crotti, A.E.M.; Miranda, M.L.D. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 2018, 90(2), 1285-1292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170847] [PMID: 29898096]
[108]
Khan, P.R.; Gali, P.R.; Pathan, P.; Gowtham, T.; Pasupuleti, S. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Citrus aurantifolia and its phytochemical screening. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2012, 2(Suppl. 1), S328-S331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60176-5]
[109]
Sunday-Enejoh, O.; Oladejo-Ogunyemi, I. Smart Bala M, Sotonye Oruene I, Musa Suleiman M, Folorunsho Ambali S. Ethnomedical importance of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm). Swingle. Pharma. Innov. J., 2015, 4(8), 1-6.
[110]
Burt, S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 2004, 94(3), 223-253.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022] [PMID: 15246235]
[111]
Stupar, M. Grbić, M.L.; Džamić, A Anti-fungal activity of selected essential oils and biocide benzalkonium chloride against the fungi isolated from cultural heritage objects. S. Afr. J. Bot., 2014, 93, 118-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.03.016]
[112]
Tarek, N.; Hassan, H.M.; Abdel-Ghani, S.M.M.; Radwan, I.A.; Hammouda, O.; El-Gendy, A.O. Comparative chemical and antimicrobial study of nine essential oils obtained from medicinal plants growing in Egypt. Beni. Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2014, 3(2), 149-156.
[113]
Thakre, A.; Zore, G.; Kodgire, S.; Kazi, R. Limonene Inhibits Candida albicans Growth by Inducing Apoptosis. Med Mycol actions, 2018, 56(5), 565-578.
[114]
Adokoh, C.K.; Asante, D.B.; Acheampong, D.O.; Kotsuchibashi, Y.; Armah, F.A.; Sirikyi, I.H.; Kimura, K.; Gmakame, E.; Abdul-Rauf, S. Chemical profile and in vivo toxicity evaluation of unripe Citrus aurantifolia essential oil. Toxicol. Rep., 2019, 6, 692-702.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.020] [PMID: 31372347]
[115]
Martucci, J.F.; Gende, L.B.; Neira, L.M.; Ruseckaite, R.A. Oregano and lavender essential oils as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives of biogenic gelatin films. Ind. Crops Prod., 2015, 71, 205-213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.079]
[116]
Bozin, B.; Mimica-Dukic, N.; Simin, N.; Anackov, G. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54(5), 1822-1828.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf051922u] [PMID: 16506839]
[117]
Váczi, P. Čonková, E.; Marcinčáková, D.; Sihelská, Z. Antifungal effect of selected essential oils on Malassezia pachydermatis growth. Folia Vet., 2018, 62(2), 67-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2018-0018]
[118]
Demo, M. M. de las, M.D.; Oliva, M.; López, M.L.; Zunino, M.P.; Zygadlo, J.A. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from aromatic plants of Argentina. Pharm. Biol., 2005, 43(2), 129-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200590919438]
[119]
Muayad, S.; Majeed, A. Detection of oral Candida species and investigation from anti-candida activity of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil. Middle East J. Sci. Res., 2015, 23(1), 18-25.
[120]
Nazzaro, F.; Fratianni, F.; Coppola, R. Feo, V. De. Essential oils and its anti-fungal activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2017, 10(4), 86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph10040086] [PMID: 29099084]
[121]
Suppakul, P.; Miltz, J.; Sonneveld, K.; Bigger, S.W. Antimicrobial properties of basil and its possible application in food packaging. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51(11), 3197-3207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf021038t] [PMID: 12744643]
[122]
Nerio, L.S.; Olivero-Verbel, J.; Stashenko, E. Repellent activity of essential oils: a review. Bioresour. Technol., 2010, 101(1), 372-378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048] [PMID: 19729299]
[123]
Wannissorn, B.; Jarikasem, S.; Siriwangchai, T.; Thubthimthed, S. Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants. Fitoterapia, 2005, 76(2), 233-236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.009] [PMID: 15752638]
[124]
Arraiza, M.P.; González-Coloma, A.; Andres, M.F. Anti-fungal effect of essential oils. In: Potential of Essential Oils; InTech Open, 2018, pp. 146-164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78008]
[125]
Armas, K.; Rojas, J.; Rojas, L.; Morales, A. Comparative study of the chemical composition of essential oils of five Tagetes species collected in Venezuela. Nat. Prod. Commun., 2012, 7(9), 1225-1226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1200700932] [PMID: 23074915]
[126]
Das, K.; Tiwari, R.K.S.; Shrivastava, D.K. Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agent: Current methods and future trends. J. Med. Plants Res., 2010, 4(2), 104-111.
[127]
Swamy, M.K.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sinniah, U.R. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: An updated review. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med., 2016, 1-21.
[128]
Baptista, E.B.; Zimmermann-Franco, D.C.; Lataliza, A.A.B.; Raposo, N.R.B. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil from Eucalyptus smithii against dermatophytes. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 2015, 48(6), 746-752.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0188-2015] [PMID: 26676500]
[129]
Safaei-Ghomi, J.; Ahd, A.A. Antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus largiflorens and Eucalyptus intertexta. Pharmacogn. Mag., 2010, 6(23), 172-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.66930] [PMID: 20931074]
[130]
Moghaddam, M.; Mehdizadeh, L. Essential oil and anti-fungal therapy. In: Recent trends in anti-fungal agents and anti-fungal therapy; Springer India, 2016, pp. 29-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2782-3_2]
[131]
Sardi, J.C.O.; Scorzoni, L.; Bernardi, T.; Fusco-Almeida, A.M.; Mendes Giannini, M.J.S. Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. J. Med. Microbiol., 2013, 62(Pt 1), 10-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0] [PMID: 23180477]
[132]
Castrillón, R.L.E.; Palma, R.A.; Padilla, D.M.C. Fungal Biofilms. Dermatol. Rev. Mex., 2013, 57(5), 350-361.
[133]
Abe, S.; Sato, Y.; Inoue, S.; Ishibashi, H.; Maruyama, N.; Takizawa, T.; Oshima, H.; Yamaguchi, H. Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 2003, 44(4), 285-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3314/jjmm.44.285] [PMID: 14615795]
[134]
da Silva, C. de, B.; Guterres, S.S.; Weisheimer, V.; Schapoval, E.E.S. Anti-fungal activity of the lemongrass oil and citral against Candida spp. Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 2008, 12(1), 63-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702008000100014] [PMID: 18553017]
[135]
Chaisripipat, W.; Lourith, N.; Kanlayavattanakul, M. Anti-dandruff hair tonic containing lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus). Oil. Forsch. Komplement. Med., 2015, 22(4), 226-229.
[PMID: 26566122]
[136]
Abe, S.; Maruyama, N.; Hayama, K.; Ishibashi, H.; Inoue, S.; Oshima, H.; Yamaguchi, H. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils. Mediators Inflamm., 2003, 12(6), 323-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350310001633342] [PMID: 14668091]
[137]
Fumigant anti-fungal activity of Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus Essential oils and citronellal against three fungal species. ScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 492138.
[138]
Stojiljkovic, J.; Trajchev, M.; Nakov, D. Antibacterial activities of rosemary essential oils and their components against pathogenic bacteria. Adv. Cytol. Pathol., 2018, 3(4), 93-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/acp.2018.03.00060]
[139]
Abd Rashed, A.; Rathi, D.G.; Ahmad Nasir, N.A.H.; Abd Rahman, A.Z.; Ahmad, Z. Antifungal properties of essential oils and their compounds for application in skin fungal infections: conventional and nonconventional approaches. Molecules, 2021, 26(4), 1093.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041093] [PMID: 33669627]
[140]
Sarkic, A.; Stappen, I. Essential oils and their single compounds in cosmetics-a critical review. Cosmetics, 2018, 5(1), 1-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics5010011]
[141]
Paulino, L.C. New perspectives on dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: lessons we learned from bacterial and fungal skin microbiota. Eur. J. Dermatol., 2017, 27(S1), 4-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2017.3038] [PMID: 28690211]
[142]
Duarte, M.C.T.; Figueira, G.M.; Sartoratto, A.; Rehder, V.L.G.; Delarmelina, C. Anti-Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005, 97(2), 305-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.016] [PMID: 15707770]
[143]
Borges, A.; Simões, L.C.; Saavedra, M.J.; Simões, M. The action of selected isothiocyanates on bacterial biofilm prevention and control. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation, 2014, 86, 25-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.01.015]
[144]
Sawarkar, S. Clinical evaluation of herbal active enriched shampoo in anti-dandruff treatment. Ther. Res. Skin Dis, 2018, 1(1), 31-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.32474/TRSD.2018.01.000105]
[145]
Dubey, S.; Nema, N.; Nayak, S. Preparation and evaluation of herbal shampoo powder. Anc. Sci. Life, 2004, 24(1), 38-44.
[PMID: 22557149]
[146]
Dhifi, W.; Bellili, S.; Jazi, S.; Bahloul, N.; Mnif, W. Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines (Basel), 2016, 3(4), 25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040025] [PMID: 28930135]
[147]
Soković, M.; Glamočlija, J.; Marin, P.D.; Brkić, D.; van Griensven, L.J. Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules, 2010, 15(11), 7532-7546.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15117532] [PMID: 21030907]
[148]
Kocić-Tanackov, S.; Dimić, G.; Lević, J.; Tanackov, I.; Tepić, A.; Vujičić, B.; Gvozdanović-Varga, J. Effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) essential oils on the Aspergillus versicolor growth and sterigmatocystin production. J. Food Sci., 2012, 77(5), M278-M284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02662.x] [PMID: 22497489]
[149]
Satchell, A.C.; Saurajen, A.; Bell, C.; Barnetson, R.S. Treatment of dandruff with 5% tea tree oil shampoo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2002, 47(6), 852-855.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2002.122734] [PMID: 12451368]
[150]
Agarwal, M.; Walia, S.; Dhingra, S.; Khambay, B.P.S. Insect growth inhibition, antifeedant and antifungal activity of compounds isolated/derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) rhizomes. Pest Manag. Sci., 2001, 57(3), 289-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.263] [PMID: 11455660]
[151]
Lee, M.Y.; Na, E.Y.; Yun, S.J.; Lee, S.C.; Won, Y.H.; Lee, J.B. In vitro study and clinical trial of natural essential oils and extract against Malassezia species. J. Mycol. Infect, 2018, 23(4), 91-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17966/jmi.2018.23.4.91]
[152]
Al-Yasiry, A.R.M.; Kiczorowska, B. Frankincense--therapeutic properties. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw., 2016, 70, 380-391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1200553] [PMID: 27117114]
[153]
Swamy, M.K.; Sinniah, U.R. Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Botany, agrotechnology and biotechnological aspects. Ind. Crops Prod., 2016, 87, 161-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.032]
[154]
Tolouee, M.; Alinezhad, S.; Saberi, R.; Eslamifar, A.; Zad, S.J.; Jaimand, K.; Taeb, J.; Rezaee, M.B.; Kawachi, M.; Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M.; Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 2010, 139(3), 127-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.032] [PMID: 20385420]
[155]
Naeini, A.R.; Nazeri, M.; Shokri, H. Anti-fungal activity of Zataria multiflora, Pelargonium graveolens and Cuminum cyminum essential oils towards three species of Malassezia isolated from patients with Pityriasis versicolor. J. Mycol. Med., 2011, 21(2), 87-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2011.01.004]
[156]
Shin, S.; Lim, S. Antifungal effects of herbal essential oils alone and in combination with ketoconazole against Trichophyton spp. J. Appl. Microbiol., 2004, 97(6), 1289-1296.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02417.x] [PMID: 15546420]
[157]
Zeng, H.; Chen, X.; Liang, J. In vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) on dermatophyte species. J. Med. Microbiol., 2015, 64(Pt 1), 93-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.077768-0] [PMID: 25351709]
[158]
Ezzat, S.M. In vitro inhibition of Candida albicans growth by plant extracts and essential oils. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2001, 17(7), 757-759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012934423019]
[159]
Unlu, M.; Ergene, E.; Unlu, G.V.; Zeytinoglu, H.S.; Vural, N. Composition, antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae). Food Chem. Toxicol., 2010, 48(11), 3274-3280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.001] [PMID: 20828600]
[160]
Watanabe, E.; Kuchta, K.; Kimura, M.; Rauwald, H.W.; Kamei, T.; Imanishi, J. Effects of bergamot (Citrus bergamia (Risso) Wright & Arn.) essential oil aromatherapy on mood states, parasympathetic nervous system activity, and salivary cortisol levels in 41 healthy females. Forsch. Komplement. Med., 2015, 22(1), 43-49.
[PMID: 25824404]
[161]
Koul, O.; Walia, S.; Dhaliwal, G.S. Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints. Int -Biopestic., 2008, 4(1), 63-88.
[162]
Mahilrajan, S.; Nandakumar, J.; Kailayalingam, R.; Manoharan, N.A. SriVijeindran, S.T. Screening the anti-fungal activity of essential oils against decay fungi from palmyrah leaf handicrafts. Biol. Res., 2014, 47(1), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-47-35]
[163]
Orchard, A.; van Vuuren, S.F.; Viljoen, A.M.; Kamatou, G. The in-vitro antimicrobial evaluation of commercial essential oils and their combinations against acne. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2018, 40(3), 226-243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12456]
[164]
Karande, B.S.; Jadhav, S.T.; Mane, P.S. Formulation and evaluation of herbal anti-dandruff gel. Res. J. Top. Cosmet. Sci., 2019, 10(1), 19-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5844.2019.00005.0]
[165]
van Vuuren, S.F.; Suliman, S.; Viljoen, A.M. The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 2009, 48(4), 440-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02548.x] [PMID: 19187494]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
26
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy