Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Risk Prediction Models and Scores in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Author(s): Thomas D. Gossios*, Konstantinos Savvatis, Thomas Zegkos, Despina Parcharidou, Haralambos I. Karvounis and Georgios K. Efthimiadis

Volume 27, Issue 10, 2021

Published on: 25 January, 2021

Page: [1254 - 1265] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210125121115

Price: $65

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has historically been linked with sudden cardiac death (SCD). Currently, it is well established that only a subset of patients is at the highest risk stratum for such a catastrophic event. Detection of patients belonging to this high-risk category can allow for timely defibrillator implantation, changing the natural history of HCM. Inversely, device implantation in patients deemed at low risk leads to an unnecessary burden of device complications with no apparent protective benefit. Previous studies have identified a series of markers, now considered established risk factors, with genetic testing and newer imaging allowing for the detection of novel, highly promising indices of increased risk for SCD. Despite the identification of a number of risk factors, there is noticeable discrepancy in the utility of such factors for risk stratification between the current American and European guidelines. We sought to systematically review the data available on these two approaches, presenting their rationale and respective predictive capacity, also discussing the potential of novel markers to augment the precision of currently used risk stratification models for SCD in HCM.

Keywords: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, sudden death, risk, risk prediction, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, personalized medicine.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2008; 29(2): 270-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342] [PMID: 17916581]
[2]
Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J 1958; 20(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.20.1.1] [PMID: 13499764]
[3]
Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation 2009; 119(8): 1085-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804617] [PMID: 19221222]
[4]
Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Spirito P, et al. Epidemiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related death: revisited in a large non-referral-based patient population. Circulation 2000; 102(8): 858-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.8.858] [PMID: 10952953]
[5]
Kofflard MJ, Ten Cate FJ, van der Lee C, van Domburg RT. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large community-based population: clinical outcome and identification of risk factors for sudden cardiac death and clinical deterioration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41(6): 987-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)03004-8] [PMID: 12651046]
[6]
Wang N, Xie A, Tjahjono R, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes and complications. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 6(4): 298-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/acs.2017.07.05] [PMID: 28944170]
[7]
Lorenzini M, Anastasiou Z, O’Mahony C, et al. Mortality Among Referral Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy vs the General European Population. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 5(1): 73-80.
[PMID: 31774458]
[8]
Lin G, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, et al. Device complications and inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2009; 95(9): 709-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2008.150656] [PMID: 19282314]
[9]
Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, et al. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42(9): 1687-713.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00941-0] [PMID: 14607462]
[10]
Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58(25): 2703-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.825] [PMID: 22075468]
[11]
Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, et al. Authors/Task Force members. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35(39): 2733-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284] [PMID: 25173338]
[12]
Elliott PM, Sharma S, Varnava A, Poloniecki J, Rowland E, McKenna WJ. Survival after cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33(6): 1596-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00056-X] [PMID: 10334430]
[13]
Alsheikh-Ali AA, Link MS, Semsarian C, et al. Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation early after defibrillator implantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is explained by a high-risk subgroup of patients. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10(2): 214-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.003] [PMID: 23041573]
[14]
Elliott PM, Gimeno Blanes JR, Mahon NG, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ. Relation between severity of left-ventricular hypertrophy and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2001; 357(9254): 420-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04005-8] [PMID: 11273061]
[15]
Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ. Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(24): 1778-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200006153422403] [PMID: 10853000]
[16]
Spirito P, Maron BJ. Relation between extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and occurrence of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15(7): 1521-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(90)92820-R] [PMID: 2140576]
[17]
O’Mahony C, Jichi F, Monserrat L, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Outcomes Investigators. Inverted u-shaped relation between the risk of sudden cardiac death and maximal left ventricular wall thickness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9(6): 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003818] [PMID: 27217341]
[18]
Maki S, Ikeda H, Muro A, et al. Predictors of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82(6): 774-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00455-X] [PMID: 9761089]
[19]
Spirito P, Autore C, Rapezzi C, et al. Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2009; 119(13): 1703-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.798314] [PMID: 19307481]
[20]
Monserrat L, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Sharma S, Penas-Lado M, McKenna WJ. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an independent marker of sudden death risk in young patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42(5): 873-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00827-1] [PMID: 12957435]
[21]
Gimeno JR, Tomé-Esteban M, Lofiego C, et al. Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2009; 30(21): 2599-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp327] [PMID: 19689975]
[22]
Frenneaux MP, Counihan PJ, Caforio AL, Chikamori T, McKenna WJ. Abnormal blood pressure response during exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1990; 82(6): 1995-2002.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.82.6.1995] [PMID: 2242524]
[23]
Counihan PJ, Frenneaux MP, Webb DJ, McKenna WJ. Abnormal vascular responses to supine exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991; 84(2): 686-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.686] [PMID: 1860213]
[24]
Sadoul N, Prasad K, Elliott PM, Bannerjee S, Frenneaux MP, McKenna WJ. Prospective prognostic assessment of blood pressure response during exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997; 96(9): 2987-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.96.9.2987] [PMID: 9386166]
[25]
Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Montereggi A, Mazzuoli F, Dolara A, Cecchi F. Prognostic value of systemic blood pressure response during exercise in a community-based patient population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33(7): 2044-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00094-7] [PMID: 10362212]
[26]
Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Wessler BS, et al. Enhanced American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Strategy for Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in High-Risk Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 4(7): 644-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1391] [PMID: 31116360]
[27]
Axelsson Raja A, Farhad H, Valente AM, et al. Prevalence and progression of late gadolinium enhancement in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2018; 138(8): 782-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032966] [PMID: 29622585]
[28]
Latif SR, Nguyen VQ, Peters DC, et al. Left atrial fibrosis correlates with extent of left ventricular myocardial delayed enhancement and left ventricular strain in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 35(7): 1309-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-019-01551-7] [PMID: 30790116]
[29]
Cheng S, Choe YH, Ota H, et al. CMR assessment and clinical outcomes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with or without ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 34(4): 597-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-017-1263-3] [PMID: 29071521]
[30]
Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Tomé MT, et al. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(16): 1933-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl041] [PMID: 16754630]
[31]
Cuoco FA, Spencer WH III, Fernandes VL, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of sudden death after alcohol septal ablation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52(21): 1718-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.061] [PMID: 19007692]
[32]
Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, et al. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2014; 130(6): 484-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007094] [PMID: 25092278]
[33]
Ismail TF, Jabbour A, Gulati A, et al. Role of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the risk stratification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2014; 100(23): 1851-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305471] [PMID: 24966307]
[34]
Klopotowski M, Kukula K, Malek LA, et al. The value of cardiac magnetic resonance and distribution of late gadolinium enhancement for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol 2016; 68(1): 49-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.07.020] [PMID: 26363820]
[35]
Rubinshtein R, Glockner JF, Ommen SR, et al. Characteristics and clinical significance of late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3(1): 51-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.854026] [PMID: 19850699]
[36]
Rowin EJ, Maron BJ, Haas TS, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Left Ventricular Apical Aneurysm: Implications for Risk Stratification and Management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69(7): 761-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.063] [PMID: 28209216]
[37]
Maron MS, Finley JJ, Bos JM, et al. Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2008; 118(15): 1541-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781401] [PMID: 18809796]
[38]
Efthimiadis GK, Pagourelias ED, Parcharidou D, et al. Clinical characteristics and natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with midventricular obstruction. Circ J 2013; 77(9): 2366-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-12-1561] [PMID: 23728066]
[39]
Maeda R, Minami Y, Haruki S, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy and sudden death risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with midventricular obstruction: A single-center experience. Int J Cardiol 2016; 214: 419-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.231] [PMID: 27088403]
[40]
Moolman JC, Corfield VA, Posen B, et al. Sudden death due to troponin T mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29(3): 549-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00530-X] [PMID: 9060892]
[41]
Pasquale F, Syrris P, Kaski JP, Mogensen J, McKenna WJ, Elliott P. Long-term outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the cardiac troponin T gene. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2012; 5(1): 10-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.959973] [PMID: 22144547]
[42]
Marian AJ, Roberts R. Molecular genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetic markers for sudden cardiac death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9(1): 88-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00871.x] [PMID: 9475582]
[43]
Girolami F, Ho CY, Semsarian C, et al. Clinical features and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with triple sarcomere protein gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55(14): 1444-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.062] [PMID: 20359594]
[44]
Dimitrow PP, Klimeczek P, Vliegenthart R, et al. Late hyperenhancement in gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with and without nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 24(1): 77-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-007-9209-9] [PMID: 17624806]
[45]
Kwon DH, Setser RM, Popović ZB, et al. Association of myocardial fibrosis, electrocardiography and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a delayed contrast enhanced MRI study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 24(6): 617-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-008-9292-6] [PMID: 18204915]
[46]
Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54(3): 242-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.026] [PMID: 19589437]
[47]
Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation 2006; 114(21): 2232-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682] [PMID: 17088454]
[48]
O’Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Outcomes Investigators. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). Eur Heart J 2014; 35(30): 2010-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht439] [PMID: 24126876]
[49]
Cook NR. Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 2007; 115(7): 928-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.672402] [PMID: 17309939]
[50]
O’Mahony C, Jichi F, Ommen SR, et al. International External Validation Study of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (EVIDENCE-HCM). Circulation 2018; 137(10): 1015-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030437] [PMID: 29191938]
[51]
Choi YJ, Kim HK, Lee SC, et al. Validation of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy risk-sudden cardiac death calculator in Asians. Heart 2019; 105(24): 1892-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315160] [PMID: 31383719]
[52]
O’Mahony C, Tome-Esteban M, Lambiase PD, et al. A validation study of the 2003 American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology and 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association risk stratification and treatment algorithms for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2013; 99(8): 534-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303271] [PMID: 23339826]
[53]
Vriesendorp PA, Schinkel AF, Liebregts M, et al. Validation of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guidelines risk prediction model for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8(4): 829-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.114.002553] [PMID: 25922410]
[54]
Fernández A, Quiroga A, Ochoa JP, et al. Validation of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Prediction Model in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Reference Center in South America. Am J Cardiol 2016; 118(1): 121-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.04.021] [PMID: 27189816]
[55]
Magrì D, Limongelli G, Re F, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise test and sudden cardiac death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2016; 102(8): 602-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308453] [PMID: 26849900]
[56]
Desai MY, Smedira NG, Dhillon A, et al. Prediction of sudden death risk in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Potential for refinement of current criteria. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 156(2): 750-759.e3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.03.150] [PMID: 29735354]
[57]
Leong KMW, Chow JJ, Ng FS, et al. Comparison of the prognostic usefulness of the european society of cardiology and american heart association/American college of cardiology foundation risk stratification systems for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2018; 121(3): 349-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.10.027] [PMID: 29203036]
[58]
Liebregts M, Faber L, Jensen MK, et al. Validation of the HCM Risk-SCD model in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy following alcohol septal ablation. Europace 2018; 20(FI2): f198-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux251] [PMID: 29016960]
[59]
Nakagawa S, Okada A, Nishimura K, et al. Validation of the 2014 European society of cardiology sudden cardiac death risk prediction model among various phenotypes in japanese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122(11): 1939-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.08.042] [PMID: 30293654]
[60]
Freitas P, Ferreira AM, Arteaga-Fernández E, et al. The amount of late gadolinium enhancement outperforms current guideline-recommended criteria in the identification of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at risk of sudden cardiac death. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2019; 21(1): 50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12968-019-0561-4] [PMID: 31412875]
[61]
Thavikulwat AC, Tomson TT, Knight BP, Bonow RO, Choudhury L. Appropriate implantable defibrillator therapy in adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016; 27(8): 953-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.13005] [PMID: 27138377]
[62]
Maron BJ, Casey SA, Chan RH, Garberich RF, Rowin EJ, Maron MS. Independent assessment of the European society of cardiology sudden death risk model for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116(5): 757-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.047] [PMID: 26183790]
[63]
Wang J, Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu Y, Wan K, Chen Y. Variable and limited predictive value of the European society of cardiology hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sudden-death risk model: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol 2019; 35(12): 1791-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2019.05.004] [PMID: 31474312]
[64]
Ellenbogen KA, Levine JH, Berger RD, et al. Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) Investigators. Are implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks a surrogate for sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy? Circulation 2006; 113(6): 776-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561571] [PMID: 16461817]
[65]
Connolly SJ. Use and misuse of surrogate outcomes in arrhythmia trials. Circulation 2006; 113(6): 764-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.600668] [PMID: 16476858]
[66]
Rigopoulos AG, Daci S, Pfeiffer B, Papadopoulou K, Neugebauer A, Seggewiss H. Low occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias after alcohol septal ablation in high-risk patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol 2016; 105(11): 953-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00392-016-1005-x] [PMID: 27270758]
[67]
Todiere G, Nugara C, Gentile G, et al. Prognostic role of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and low-to-intermediate sudden cardiac death risk score. Am J Cardiol 2019; 124(8): 1286-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.07.023] [PMID: 31447011]
[68]
Mentias A, Raeisi-Giglou P, Smedira NG, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and preserved systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72(8): 857-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.060] [PMID: 30115224]
[69]
Doesch C, Tülümen E, Akin I, et al. Incremental benefit of late gadolinium cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for risk stratification in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 6336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06533-0] [PMID: 28740148]
[70]
Avanesov M, Münch J, Weinrich J, et al. Prediction of the estimated 5-year risk of sudden cardiac death and syncope or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using late gadolinium enhancement and extracellular volume CMR. Eur Radiol 2017; 27(12): 5136-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4869-x] [PMID: 28616729]
[71]
Gommans DHF, Cramer GE, Bakker J, et al. High T2-weighted signal intensity for risk prediction of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 34(1): 113-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-017-1252-6] [PMID: 29063221]
[72]
Candan O, Gecmen C, Bayam E, Guner A, Celik M, Doğan C. Mechanical dispersion and global longitudinal strain by speckle tracking echocardiography: Predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography 2017; 34(6): 835-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/echo.13547] [PMID: 28444773]
[73]
Debonnaire P, Thijssen J, Leong DP, et al. Global longitudinal strain and left atrial volume index improve prediction of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 30(3): 549-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-014-0378-z] [PMID: 24500241]
[74]
Vriesendorp PA, Schinkel AF, de Groot NM, van Domburg RT, Ten Cate FJ, Michels M. Impact of adverse left ventricular remodeling on sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol 2014; 37(8): 493-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.22293] [PMID: 25044226]
[75]
Rattanawong P, Riangwiwat T, Kanitsoraphan C, et al. Baseline fragmented QRS increases the risk of major arrhythmic events in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2018; 23(4): e12533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anec.12533] [PMID: 29363882]
[76]
Debonnaire P, Katsanos S, Joyce E, et al. QRS fragmentation and QTc duration relate to malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015; 26(5): 547-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.12629] [PMID: 25648421]
[77]
Biagini E, Pazzi C, Olivotto I, et al. Usefulness of electrocardiographic patterns at presentation to predict long-term risk of cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2016; 118(3): 432-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.05.023] [PMID: 27289293]
[78]
Magrì D, Santolamazza C, Limite L, et al. QT spatial dispersion and sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Time for reappraisal. J Cardiol 2017; 70(4): 310-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.01.006] [PMID: 28341542]
[79]
Patel SI, Ackerman MJ, Shamoun FE, et al. QT prolongation and sudden cardiac death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Acta Cardiol 2019; 74(1): 53-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00015385.2018.1440905] [PMID: 29513133]
[80]
Robyns T, Nuyens D, Lu HR, et al. Prognostic value of electrocardiographic time intervals and QT rate dependence in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Electrocardiol 2018; 51(6): 1077-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.09.005] [PMID: 30497734]
[81]
Emet S, Dadashov M, Sonsoz MR, et al. Galectin-3: A novel biomarker predicts sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356(6): 537-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2018.08.013] [PMID: 30342718]
[82]
Minami Y, Haruki S, Kanbayashi K, Maeda R, Itani R, Hagiwara N. B-type natriuretic peptide and risk of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15(10): 1484-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.04.030] [PMID: 29709578]
[83]
Münch J, Avanesov M, Bannas P, et al. Serum matrix metalloproteinases as quantitative biomarkers for myocardial fibrosis and sudden cardiac death risk stratification in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2016; 22(10): 845-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.03.010] [PMID: 27018569]
[84]
Rajtar-Salwa R, Hładij R, Dimitrow PP. Elevated level of troponin but not n-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy calculated according to the ESC guidelines 2014. Dis Markers 2017; 2017: 9417908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9417908] [PMID: 29358842]
[85]
Biswas A, Das S, Kapoor M, et al. Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Identification of cause and risk stratification through exome sequencing. Gene 2018; 660: 151-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.062] [PMID: 29572196]
[86]
van Velzen HG, Vriesendorp PA, Oldenburg RA, et al. Value of genetic testing for the prediction of long-term outcome in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2016; 118(6): 881-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.06.038] [PMID: 27476098]
[87]
Lopes LR, Brito D, Belo A, Cardim N. Portuguese Registry of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Genetic characterization and genotype-phenotype associations in a large cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - An ancillary study of the Portuguese registry of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2019; 278: 173-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.012] [PMID: 30554928]
[88]
Ho CY, Day SM, Ashley EA, et al. Genotype and lifetime burden of disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Insights from the Sarcomeric Human Cardiomyopathy Registry (SHaRe). Circulation 2018; 138(14): 1387-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033200] [PMID: 30297972]
[89]
Fujita E, Nakanishi T, Nishizawa T, Hagiwara N, Matsuoka R. Mutations in the cardiac troponin T gene show various prognoses in Japanese patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels 2013; 28(6): 785-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00380-013-0332-3] [PMID: 23494605]
[90]
Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Kayvanpour E, Tugrul OF, et al. Clinical outcomes associated with sarcomere mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis on 7675 individuals. Clin Res Cardiol 2018; 107(1): 30-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00392-017-1155-5] [PMID: 28840316]
[91]
Biagini E, Olivotto I, Iascone M, et al. Significance of sarcomere gene mutations analysis in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2014; 114(5): 769-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.065] [PMID: 25037680]
[92]
Sabater-Molina M, Pérez-Sánchez I, Hernández Del Rincón JP, Gimeno JR. Genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A review of current state. Clin Genet 2018; 93(1): 3-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cge.13027] [PMID: 28369730]
[93]
Bhattacharya M, Lu DY, Kudchadkar SM, et al. Identifying ventricular arrhythmias and their predictors by applying machine learning methods to electronic health records in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM-VAr-Risk Model). Am J Cardiol 2019; 123(10): 1681-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.02.022] [PMID: 30952382]
[94]
Lyon A, Ariga R, Mincholé A, et al. Distinct ECG phenotypes identified in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using machine learning associate with arrhythmic risk markers. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00213] [PMID: 29593570]
[95]
Charron P, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, et al. EORP Cardiomyopathy Registry Investigators. The Cardiomyopathy Registry of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology: baseline data and contemporary management of adult patients with cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(20): 1784-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx819] [PMID: 29378019]
[96]
Kramer CM, Appelbaum E, Desai MY, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Registry: The rationale and design of an international, observational study of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2015; 170(2): 223-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.05.013] [PMID: 26299218]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
97
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy