Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) pandemic is a major threat to public health worldwide; it has been identified as originating in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. It has spread across the globe, causing an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia. Such a global outbreak is associated with adverse effects on mental health. Fear, stress and anxiety seem more definitely an outcome of mass quarantine.
Methods: Keeping this pandemic situation in mind, existing literature on the COVID-19 crisis relevant to mental health was redeemed via a literature search from the PubMed database. Collected published articles were summarized according to their overall themes.
Results: Preliminary evidence suggests that symptoms of self-reported stress, anxiety and depression have a common psychological impact due to the pandemic, and may be associated with disrupted sleep. Regional, state and National-international borders have almost been shut down, economies crashed, and billions of people quarantined or isolated at their own homes and quarantine centers. In this situational frame of covid-19, patients, frontline health-care professionals anf geriatric population with existing psychiatric conditions may be encountering further suffering.
Conclusion: COVID-19 will continue to affect mental health, which plays an important role in battling the epidemic. With the scare of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rise, it is time that psychiatrists should try to integrate the health-care services keeping mental health at prime.
Keywords: Communicable disease, epidemics, mental health, psychological factors, COVID-19, health-care professionals.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima IAAS, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Res 2020; 287: 112915.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915] [PMID: 32199182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915] [PMID: 32199182]
[2]
Ahmed MZ, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51: 102092.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092] [PMID: 32315963]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092] [PMID: 32315963]
[3]
Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 470-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9] [PMID: 31986257]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9] [PMID: 31986257]
[4]
Bhat R, Singh VK, Naik N, et al. COVID 2019 outbreak: The disappointment in Indian teachers. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 50(102047): 1-2.
[5]
Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet 2020; 395(10224): e37-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3] [PMID: 32043982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3] [PMID: 32043982]
[6]
Gordon JG. Asmundson, Steven Taylor. How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decisionmakers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 71(102211): 1-2.
[7]
Banerjee DD. The other side of COVID-19: Impact on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and hoarding. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288(112966): 112966.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112966] [PMID: 32334276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112966] [PMID: 32334276]
[8]
Seshadri Sekhar Chatterjee, Barikar C Malathesh, Abir Mukherjee. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health problems. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51(102071): 1-2.
[9]
Zandifar A, Badrfam R. Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian J Psychiatry 2020; 51: 101990.
[10]
Gautam R, Sharm M. -nCoV pandemic: A disruptive and stressful atmosphere for Indian academic fraternity. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88: 948-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.025] [PMID: 32289366]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.025] [PMID: 32289366]
[11]
Zhai Y, Du X. Addressing collegiate mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288: 113003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113003] [PMID: 32315885]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113003] [PMID: 32315885]
[12]
Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. Medical personnel, COVID-19 and emotional impact. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288: 112952.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112952] [PMID: 32335465]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112952] [PMID: 32335465]
[13]
Vellingiri B. COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic. Sci Total Envir 2020; 725: 138277.
[14]
Singh A, Shaikh A, Singh R, Singh AK. COVID-19: From bench to bed side. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 277-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.011] [PMID: 32283498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.011] [PMID: 32283498]
[15]
Biswas A, Bhattacharjee U, Chakrabarti AK, Tewari DN, Banu H, Dutta S. Emergence of Novel Coronavirus and COVID-19: whether to stay or die out? Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46(2): 182-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1739001] [PMID: 32282268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1739001] [PMID: 32282268]
[16]
Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51: 102083.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083] [PMID: 32283510]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083] [PMID: 32283510]
[17]
Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12(1): 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9] [PMID: 32127517]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9] [PMID: 32127517]
[18]
Casamassimo PS, Townsend JA, Litch CS. Pediatric dentistry during and after COVID-19. Pediatr Dent 2020; 42(2): 87-90.
[PMID: 32276673]
[PMID: 32276673]
[19]
Ambigapathy S, Rajahram GS, Shamsudin UK, et al. How should front-line general practitioners use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)? Malays Fam Physician 2020; 15(1): 2-5.
[PMID: 32284798]
[PMID: 32284798]
[20]
Mohindrab R, Ravaki R, Suri V, Bhalla A, Singh SM. Issues relevant to mental health promotion in frontline health care providers managing quarantined/isolated COVID19 patients. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51(102084): 1-2.
[21]
Mohammed A. Mamuna, Mark D. Griffiths. First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51(102073): 1-2.
[22]
Goyal K, Chauhan P, Chhikara K, Gupta P, Singh MP. Fear of COVID 2019: First suicidal case in India! Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 49(101989): 101989.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101989] [PMID: 32143142]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101989] [PMID: 32143142]
[23]
Das N. Psychiatrist in post-COVID-19 era - Are we prepared? Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51(102082): 102082.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102082] [PMID: 32283513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102082] [PMID: 32283513]
[24]
Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, et al. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiat 2020; 7(4): e17-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8] [PMID: 32085841]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8] [PMID: 32085841]
[25]
Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Rethinking online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 50: 102015.
[26]
Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiat 2020; 7(3): 228-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8] [PMID: 32032543]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8] [PMID: 32032543]
[27]
Liu Y, Cao L, Li X, Jia Y, Xia H. Awareness of mental health problems in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): A lesson from an adult man attempting suicide. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51(102106): 102106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102106] [PMID: 32334411]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102106] [PMID: 32334411]
[28]
Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52(102066): 102066.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066] [PMID: 32302935]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066] [PMID: 32302935]
[29]
Kang S, Hong CC, Eduard V, George F. The anatomy of panic buying related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288(113015): 1.
[30]
Torous J, Keshavan M. COVID-19, mobile health and serious mental illness. Schizophr Res 2020; 218: 36-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.013] [PMID: 32327314]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.013] [PMID: 32327314]
[31]
Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiat 2020; 7(4): 300-2.
[32]
Dar KA, Iqbal N, Mushtaq A. Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety: Examining the indirect and moderating effects of worry. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 29: 129-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.04.017] [PMID: 29061409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.04.017] [PMID: 29061409]
[33]
Dong L, Bouey J. Early release - Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China 2020; 26(7): 1616-8.
[34]
Mak IWC, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MGC, Chan VL. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009; 31(4): 318-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001] [PMID: 19555791]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001] [PMID: 19555791]
[35]
Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395(10227): 912-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8] [PMID: 32112714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8] [PMID: 32112714]
[36]
Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, et al. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ 2003; 168(10): 1245-51.
[PMID: 12743065]
[PMID: 12743065]
[37]
Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry 2007; 52(4): 233-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200405] [PMID: 17500304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200405] [PMID: 17500304]
[38]
Zhang J, Wu W, Zhao X, Zhang W. Recommended psychological crisis intervention response to the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in China: A model of West China Hospital. Precis Clin Med 2020; 3(1): 3-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa006] [PMID: 32257531]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa006] [PMID: 32257531]
[39]
Gyenes N, Mina AX. How misinfodemics spread disease. The Atlantic, AUGUST 30, 2018. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/08/how-misinfodemics-spread-disease/568921/-
[40]
Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiat 2020; 7(4): e15-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X] [PMID: 32085839]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X] [PMID: 32085839]
[41]
Zhu S, Wu Y, Zhu CY, et al. The immediate mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among people with or without quarantine managements. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87: 56-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.045] [PMID: 32315758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.045] [PMID: 32315758]
[42]
Taylor S. The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019.
[43]
Zhang J, Shuai L, Yu H, et al. Acute stress, behavioural symptoms and mood states among school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51: 102077.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102077] [PMID: 32315967]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102077] [PMID: 32315967]
[44]
Percudani M, Corradin M, Moreno M, Indelicato A, Vita A. Mental health services in Lombardy during COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiat Res 2020; 288: 112980.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112980] [PMID: 32315881]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112980] [PMID: 32315881]
Related Journals
Applied Drug Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs
Article Metrics
26
1