Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1386-2073
ISSN (Online): 1875-5402

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

A Novel HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Methyl, Ethyl, n-propyl, Isopropyl, n-butyl, Isobutyl and Benzyl Paraben in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics

Author(s): Saniye Özcan, Serkan Levent, Nafiz Öncü Can* and Murat Kozanli

Volume 24, Issue 3, 2021

Published on: 28 July, 2020

Page: [352 - 365] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200728121657

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: The alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid at the C-4 position, “the parabens,” including methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl, are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Official regulations on the use of these compounds make their analysis essential for the estimation of their exposure.

Methods: On this basis, the presented study was realized to develop a simple, selective and cheap high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of methylparaben, ethylparaben (EP), n-propyl paraben (NPP), isopropyl paraben (IPP), n-butyl paraben (NBP), isobutyl paraben (IBP) and benzyl paraben (BP) in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products.

Results: The chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved under flow rate gradient elution conditions using a C18-bonded core-shell silica particle column (2.6 μm particle size, 150 × 3.0 mm from Phenomenex Co.). The samples were injected into the system as aliquots of 1.0 μL, and the compounds were detected by using a photodiode array detector set at 254 nm wavelength. With this technique, seven paraben derivatives can be determined in the concentration range of 250-2000 ng/mL. The recovery of the method is in the range of 99.95-13.84%, and the RSD is at a maximum value of 3.95%.

Conclusion: The proposed method was fully validated and successfully applied to different pharmaceutical and cosmetic samples (n=16), including syrups, suspensions, oral sprays, gels, etc. At least one paraben derivative was detected in six samples and was determined quantitatively. The maximum amount of a paraben derivative found in the analyzed samples was 321.7 ng/mL, which was MP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first LC method, which is applicable both on pharmaceutical and cosmetic samples.

Keywords: Core-shell column, cosmetic product, isomer separation, LC-DAD, pharmaceutical product, P-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Moos, R.K.; Koch, H.M.; Angerer, J.; Apel, P.; Schröter-Kermani, C.; Brüning, T.; Kolossa-Gehring, M. Parabens in 24 h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2012. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2015, 218(7), 666-674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.07.005] [PMID: 26253560]
[2]
Andersen, F.A. Final amended report on the safety assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products. Int. J. Toxicol., 2008, 27(Suppl. 4), 1-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158180802704s01] [PMID: 19101832]
[3]
Caon, T.; Costa, A.C.O.; de Oliveira, M.A.L.; Micke, G.A.; Simões, C.M.O. Evaluation of the transdermal permeation of different paraben combinations through a pig ear skin model. Int. J. Pharm., 2010, 391(1-2), 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.006] [PMID: 20156540]
[4]
Kajornkavinkul, S.; Punrat, E.; Siangproh, W.; Rodthongkum, N.; Praphairaksit, N.; Chailapakul, O. Graphene/polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyaniline nanocomposite-modified electrode for simultaneous determination of parabens by high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta, 2016, 148, 655-660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.044] [PMID: 26653497]
[5]
Kreuz, D.M.; Howard, A.L.; Ip, D. Determination of indinavir, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, and propylparaben in aqueous pediatric suspensions. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 1999, 19(5), 725-735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00297-0] [PMID: 10698536]
[6]
Soni, M.G.; Burdock, G.A.; Taylor, S.L.; Greenberg, N.A. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2001, 39(6), 513-532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00162-9] [PMID: 11346481]
[7]
Casoni, D.; Tuhutiu, I.A.; Sarbu, C. Simultaneous determination of parabens in pharmaceutical preparations using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and image analysis. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2011, 34(10-11), 805-816.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2011.571141]
[8]
Parliament, E. Regulation (EC) No 358/2014 of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council. In Journal of Europen Union; , 2014a, Vol. L107/5-8., 25.03.2015.
[9]
Kang, S.; Kim, S.; Park, J.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, J.; Choi, G.; Choi, S.; Kim, S.; Kim, S.Y.; Moon, H.B.; Kim, S.; Kho, Y.L.; Choi, K. Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers. Sci. Total Environ., 2013, 461-462, 214-221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.097] [PMID: 23727995]
[10]
Yamamoto, H.; Tamura, I.; Hirata, Y.; Kato, J.; Kagota, K.; Katsuki, S.; Yamamoto, A.; Kagami, Y.; Tatarazako, N. Aquatic toxicity and ecological risk assessment of seven parabens: Individual and additive approach. Sci. Total Environ., 2011, 410-411, 102-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.040] [PMID: 22051549]
[11]
Pollack, A.Z.; Perkins, N.J.; Sjaarda, L.; Mumford, S.L.; Kannan, K.; Philippat, C.; Wactawski-Wende, J.; Schisterman, E.F. Variability and exposure classification of urinary phenol and paraben metabolite concentrations in reproductive-aged women. Environ. Res., 2016, 151, 513-520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.016] [PMID: 27567355]
[12]
Tavares, R.S.; Martins, F.C.; Oliveira, P.J.; Ramalho-Santos, J.; Peixoto, F.P. Parabens in male infertility-is there a mitochondrial connection? Reprod. Toxicol., 2009, 27(1), 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.10.002] [PMID: 19007877]
[13]
Soni, M.G.; Carabin, I.G.; Burdock, G.A. Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food Chem. Toxicol., 2005, 43(7), 985-1015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020] [PMID: 15833376]
[14]
Lin, Z.Y.; Ma, W.L.; Qi, J.; Li, Y.F. Human exposure to parabens. Huaxue Jinzhan, 2015, 27(5), 614-622.
[15]
Shekhar, S.; Sood, S.; Showkat, S.; Lite, C.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Vairamani, M.; Barathi, S.; Santosh, W. Detection of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from maternal blood plasma and amniotic fluid in Indian population. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 2017, 241, 100-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.025] [PMID: 27235644]
[16]
Finot, F.; Kaddour, A.; Morat, L.; Mouche, I.; Zaguia, N.; Cuceu, C.; Souverville, D.; Négrault, S.; Cariou, O.; Essahli, A.; Prigent, N.; Saul, J.; Paillard, F.; Heidingsfelder, L.; Lafouge, P.; Al Jawhari, M.; Hempel, W.M.; El May, M.; Colicchio, B.; Dieterlen, A.; Jeandidier, E.; Sabatier, L.; Clements, J.; M’Kacher, R. Genotoxic risk of ethyl-paraben could be related to telomere shortening. J. Appl. Toxicol., 2017, 37(6), 758-771.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3425] [PMID: 27995640]
[17]
Meyer, B.K.; Ni, A.; Hu, B.; Shi, L. Antimicrobial preservative use in parenteral products: past and present. J. Pharm. Sci., 2007, 96(12), 3155-3167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.20976] [PMID: 17722087]
[18]
Jagne, J.; White, D.; Jefferson, F. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: adverse effects of bisphenol a and parabens to women’s health. Water Air Soil Pollut., 2016, 227(6)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2785-3]
[19]
Pycke, B.F.G.; Geer, L.A.; Dalloul, M.; Abulafia, O.; Halden, R.U. Maternal and fetal exposure to parabens in a multiethnic urban U.S. population. Environ. Int., 2015, 84, 193-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.012] [PMID: 26364793]
[20]
Cabaleiro, N.; de la Calle, I.; Bendicho, C.; Lavilla, I. An overview of sample preparation for the determination of parabens in cosmetics. Trends Analyt. Chem., 2014, 57, 34-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.003]
[21]
Cashman, A.L.; Warshaw, E.M. Parabens: a review of epidemiology, structure, allergenicity, and hormonal properties. Dermatitis, 2005, 16(2), 57-66.
[PMID: 16036114]
[22]
Darbre, P.D.; Harvey, P.W. Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. J. Appl. Toxicol., 2008, 28(5), 561-578.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.1358] [PMID: 18484575]
[23]
Guo, J.; Wu, C.; Lu, D.; Jiang, S.; Liang, W.; Chang, X.; Xu, H.; Wang, G.; Zhou, Z. Urinary paraben concentrations and their associations with anthropometric measures of children aged 3 years. Environ. Pollut., 2017, 222, 307-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.040] [PMID: 28034559]
[24]
Aker, A.M.; Watkins, D.J.; Johns, L.E.; Ferguson, K.K.; Soldin, O.P.; Anzalota Del Toro, L.V.; Alshawabkeh, A.N.; Cordero, J.F.; Meeker, J.D. Phenols and parabens in relation to reproductive and thyroid hormones in pregnant women. Environ. Res., 2016, 151, 30-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.002] [PMID: 27448730]
[25]
Smarr, M.M.; Sundaram, R.; Honda, M.; Kannan, K.; Louis, G.M.B. Urinary concentrations of parabens and other antimicrobial chemicals and their association with couples’ fecundity. urinary concentrations of parabens and other antimicrobial chemicals and their association with couples’ fecundity. Environ. Health Perspect., 2017, 125(4), 730-736.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP189] [PMID: 27286252]
[26]
Majewska, N.; Zaręba, I.; Surażyński, A.; Galicka, A. Methylparaben-induced decrease in collagen production and viability of cultured human dermal fibroblasts. J. Appl. Toxicol., 2017, 37(9), 1117-1124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3466] [PMID: 28382686]
[27]
Darbre, P.D. Endocrine disruptors and obesity. Curr. Obes. Rep., 2017, 6(1), 18-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0240-4] [PMID: 28205155]
[28]
McCann, D.; Barrett, A.; Cooper, A.; Crumpler, D.; Dalen, L.; Grimshaw, K.; Kitchin, E.; Lok, K.; Porteous, L.; Prince, E.; Sonuga-Barke, E.; Warner, J.O.; Stevenson, J. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2007, 370(9598), 1560-1567.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3] [PMID: 17825405]
[29]
Fabric Monograph for Parabens - Reference Values for Parabens in the Urine of Adults Opinion of the Commission. “Human-Biomonitoring” UBA. Bundesgesundheitsbla, 2014, 57(11), 1340-1349.
[30]
Błędzka, D.; Gromadzińska, J.; Wąsowicz, W. Parabens. From environmental studies to human health. Environ. Int., 2014, 67, 27-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.007] [PMID: 24657492]
[31]
Liao, C.; Lee, S.; Moon, H.B.; Yamashita, N.; Kannan, K. Parabens in sediment and sewage sludge from the United States, Japan, and Korea: spatial distribution and temporal trends. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47(19), 10895-10902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402574k] [PMID: 23985041]
[32]
Xue, J.; Kannan, K. Accumulation profiles of parabens and their metabolites in fish, black bear, and birds, including bald eagles and albatrosses. Environ. Int., 2016, 94, 546-553.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.015] [PMID: 27329692]
[33]
Abu-Shandi, K.; Halawah, A.R.; Sallam, A.; Al-Edwan, G.; Al-Tawaha, A.R.; Albajawi, S.A.; Abu-Nameh, E.S.M. Simultaneous analysis of glycyrrhizic acid and preservatives in licorice aqueous extract by HPLC/PDA detection. Izv. Him., 2015, 47(1), 135-143.
[34]
Zotou, A.; Sakla, I.; Tzanavaras, P.D. LC-determination of five paraben preservatives in saliva and toothpaste samples using UV detection and a short monolithic column. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2010, 53(3), 785-789.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.018] [PMID: 20541882]
[35]
Yusoff, M.M.; Raoov, M.; Yahaya, N.; Salleh, N.M. An ionic liquid loaded magnetically confined polymeric mesoporous adsorbent for extraction of parabens from environmental and cosmetic samples. Rsc. Adv., 2017, 7(57), 35832-35844.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7RA06682A]
[36]
Balireddi, V.; Tatikonda, K.M.; Tirukkovalluri, S.R.; Teja, S.B.; Manne, S. Simultaneous determination of multiple preservatives and antioxidants in topical products by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography with photo diode array detector. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2015, 38(14), 1361-1370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2015.1057644]
[37]
Cabuk, H.; Akyüz, M.; Ata, S. A simple solvent collection technique for a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of parabens from aqueous samples using low-density organic solvent. J. Sep. Sci., 2012, 35(19), 2645-2652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201200317] [PMID: 22887738]
[38]
Yamini, Y.; Saleh, A.; Rezaee, M.; Ranjbar, L.; Moradi, M. Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction of various preservatives from cosmetics, beverages, and water samples. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2012, 35(18), 2623-2642.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2011.637272]
[39]
Zgola-Grzeskowiak, A.; Werner, J.; Jeszka-Skowron, M.; Czarczynska-Goslinska, B. Determination of parabens in cosmetic products using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal. Methods UK, 2016, 8(19), 3903-3909.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6AY00521G]
[40]
Zhang, Q.L.; Lian, M.; Liu, L.J.; Cui, H. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of parabens in wash-off cosmetic products and foods using chemiluminescence detection. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2005, 537(1-2), 31-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.027]
[41]
Lee, M.R.; Lin, C.Y.; Li, Z.G.; Tsai, T.F. Simultaneous analysis of antioxidants and preservatives in cosmetics by supercritical fluid extraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1120(1-2), 244-251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.075] [PMID: 16513127]
[42]
Aristizabal-Ciro, C.; Botero-Coy, A.M.; López, F.J.; Peñuela, G.A. Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reservoir water used for drinking water supply. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2017, 24(8), 7335-7347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8253-1] [PMID: 28105593]
[43]
Villaverde-de-Sáa, E.; Rodil, R.; Quintana, J.B.; Cela, R. Matrix solid-phase dispersion combined to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of paraben preservatives in mollusks. J. Chromatogr. A, 2016, 1459, 57-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.070] [PMID: 27401811]
[44]
Abbasghorbani, M.; Attaran, A.; Payehghadr, M. Solvent-assisted dispersive micro-SPE by using aminopropyl-functionalized magnetite nanoparticle followed by GC-PID for quantification of parabens in aqueous matrices. J. Sep. Sci., 2013, 36(2), 311-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201200556] [PMID: 23197331]
[45]
Berger, E.; Potouridis, T.; Haeger, A.; Püttmann, W.; Wagner, M. Effect-directed identification of endocrine disruptors in plastic baby teethers. J. Appl. Toxicol., 2015, 35(11), 1254-1261.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3159] [PMID: 25988240]
[46]
Sun, L.; Yu, T.; Guo, J.; Zhang, Z.; Hu, Y.; Xiao, X.; Sun, Y.; Xiao, H.; Li, J.; Zhu, D.; Sai, L.; Li, J. The estrogenicity of methylparaben and ethylparaben at doses close to the acceptable daily intake in immature Sprague-Dawley rats. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 25173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep25173] [PMID: 27121550]
[47]
Steter, J.R.; Rocha, R.S.; Dionisio, D.; Lanza, M.R.V.; Motheo, A.J. Electrochemical oxidation route of methyl paraben on a boron-doped diamond anode. Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 117, 127-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.118]
[48]
Hasanzadeh, M.; Shadjou, N.; Saghatforoush, L.; Mehdizadeh, R.; Sanati, S. Electrocatalytic oxidation of selected parabens on zinc hydroxide nanoparticles. Catal. Commun., 2012, 19, 10-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.12.012]
[49]
Ma, T.; Li, Z.; Jia, Q.; Zhou, W. Ultrasound-assisted temperature-controlled ionic liquid emulsification microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis for the determination of parabens in personal care products. Electrophoresis, 2016, 37(12), 1624-1631.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201500533] [PMID: 26990303]
[50]
Wu, C.W.; Lee, J.Y.; Hu, C.C.; Chiu, T.C. On-line concentration and separation of parabens by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using polymer solutions. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. (Taipei), 2014, 61(4), 453-460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201300124]
[51]
Vela-Soria, F.; Ballesteros, O.; Rodríguez, I.; Zafra-Gómez, A.; Ballesteros, L.; Cela, R.; Navalón, A. A new treatment by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of parabens in human serum samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405(23), 7259-7267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7181-x] [PMID: 23857141]
[52]
Djatmika, R.; Hsieh, C.C.; Chen, J.M.; Ding, W.H. Determination of paraben preservatives in seafood using matrix solid-phase dispersion and on-line acetylation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2016, 1036-1037, 93-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.005] [PMID: 27736692]
[53]
Canosa, P.; Rodríguez, I.; Rubí, E.; Bollaín, M.H.; Cela, R. Optimisation of a solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of parabens in water samples at the low ng per litre level. J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1124(1-2), 3-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.045] [PMID: 16600260]
[54]
Ali, I.; Gupta, V.K.; Aboul-Enein, H.Y.; Hussain, A. Hyphenation in sample preparation: advancement from the micro to the nano world. J. Sep. Sci., 2008, 31(11), 2040-2053.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200800123] [PMID: 18615807]
[55]
Guideline, I.H.T. In Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2 (R1 International Conference on Harmonization, Geneva, Switzerland 2005, pp. 11-12..
[56]
Pharmacopeia, U. USP 32 NF 27; USP: Rockville,2009.
[57]
Shrivastava, A.; Gupta, V.B. Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods. Chronicles Young Scientists, 2011, 2(1), 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.79345]
[58]
Snyder, L.R.; Kirkland, J.J.; Glajch, J.L. Practical HPLC method development; John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
[59]
Angelov, T.; Vlasenko, A.; Tashkov, W. HPLC determination of pKa of parabens and investigation on their lipophilicity parameters. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 2007, 31(2), 188-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826070701738787]
[60]
Wahab, M.F.; Dasgupta, P.K.; Kadjo, A.F.; Armstrong, D.W. Sampling frequency, response times and embedded signal filtration in fast, high efficiency liquid chromatography: A tutorial. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2016, 907, 31-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.043] [PMID: 26803000]
[61]
Majors, R.E.; Przybyciel, M. Columns for reversed-phase LC separations in highly aqueous mobile phases. LC GC N. Am., 2002, 20(7), 584-593.
[62]
Bliesner, D.M. Validating chromatographic methods: a practical guide; John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470042206]
[63]
Aryana, N.; Ramadhaningtyas, D.P.; Styarini, D.; Aristiawan, Y. First Indonesian proficiency testing using reference value from isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for benzoic acid, methyl paraben, and n-butyl paraben in sweet soy sauce. Accredit. Qual. Assur., 2019, 24(6), 427-435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-019-01398-4]
[64]
Hui-Ting, Z.; Ding, E.M.C.; Ding, W-H. Determination of parabens in human urine by optimal ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction and on-line acetylation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2017, 1058, 14-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.05.009] [PMID: 28527332]
[65]
Žnideršič, L.; Mlakar, A.; Prosen, H. Development of a SPME-GC-MS/MS method for the determination of some contaminants from food contact material in beverages. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2019, 134110829
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110829] [PMID: 31542431]
[66]
Žnideršič, L.; Mlakar, A.; Prosen, H. Data on the optimisation of GC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of compounds from food contact material. Data Brief, 2019, 28105060
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.105060] [PMID: 31921953]
[67]
Kaur, R.; Kaur, R.; Grover, A.; Rani, S.; Malik, A.K.; Kabir, A.; Furton, K.G. Fabric phase sorptive extraction/GC-MS method for rapid determination of broad polarity spectrum multi-class emerging pollutants in various aqueous samples. J. Sep. Sci., 2019, 42(14), 2407-2417.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201900089] [PMID: 31074186]
[68]
Boonsathit, A.; Sirichai, S. High-throughput isocratic HPLC method for determination of four paraben preservatives in cosmetics using chromolith column., 2016.
[69]
Tartaglia, A.; Kabir, A.; Ulusoy, S.; Sperandio, E.; Piccolantonio, S.; Ulusoy, H.I.; Furton, K.G.; Locatelli, M. FPSE-HPLC-PDA analysis of seven paraben residues in human whole blood, plasma, and urine. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2019, 1125121707
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.034] [PMID: 31299363]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
29
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy