Abstract
Exercise has long been recognized as a beneficial living style for cardiovascular health. It has been applied to be a central component of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), coronary heart disease (CHD), post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), post cardiac surgery or transplantation. Although the effect of exercise is multifactorial, in this review, we focus on the specific contribution of regular exercise on the heart and vascular system. We will summarize the known result of clinical findings and possible mechanisms of chronic exercise on the cardiovascular system.
Keywords: Myocardial infarction, heart failure, exercise, cardiovascular health, coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiac rehabilitation.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3] [PMID: 28943267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.454] [PMID: 19351941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.044] [PMID: 26764059]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq236] [PMID: 20643803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.23.3095] [PMID: 10865304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1071-3581(03)00528-2] [PMID: 14569237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12979-017-0088-1] [PMID: 28331525]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1325062] [PMID: 28598232]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.071] [PMID: 27060274]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00679.2014] [PMID: 25713305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000052626.63602.58] [PMID: 12615787]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198811243192104] [PMID: 3185648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.16.1994] [PMID: 12387651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.14.1623] [PMID: 11015338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000016345.58696.4F] [PMID: 12010905]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131150-00002] [PMID: 11735685]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200106001-00021] [PMID: 11427777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.012] [PMID: 15066369]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.114.002487] [PMID: 25673646]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.10.999] [PMID: 17533202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.003] [PMID: 24239922]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1997.00440230063008] [PMID: 9009976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741645] [PMID: 18574061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/aps.2018.40] [PMID: 29877321]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0897-1] [PMID: 29582381]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.046151] [PMID: 18927166]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.75.7526] [PMID: 29356607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365510802474400] [PMID: 18946779]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-09-0057] [PMID: 19261992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182493] [PMID: 28771611]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318195bad5] [PMID: 19461540]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1998.0431] [PMID: 10072750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000184225.05629.51]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njm.v19i1.52485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.055889] [PMID: 17329668]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.955129] [PMID: 25251989]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801] [PMID: 11333990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512] [PMID: 11832527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.938852] [PMID: 20697029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2488] [PMID: 24130081]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3898-8] [PMID: 29846794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2016.06.009] [PMID: 27346646]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0512]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854] [PMID: 30418471]
[PMID: 26302179]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442721] [PMID: 26641646]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000223] [PMID: 27398880]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181949333] [PMID: 19127177]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.041] [PMID: 19244669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012] [PMID: 24438736]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90665-5] [PMID: 13110049]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.38.4.403] [PMID: 1267984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430170057028] [PMID: 2795824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.9.975] [PMID: 10961960]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-2456(97)00078-0] [PMID: 9492970]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf113] [PMID: 12397006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.081] [PMID: 28254175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.53.5724] [PMID: 25002717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.8720] [PMID: 22851113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.023] [PMID: 25660917]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.457] [PMID: 19351942]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.036] [PMID: 22999730]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70149-8] [PMID: 23419918]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.336] [PMID: 10645932]
[PMID: 22498101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.025] [PMID: 28467921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.2503] [PMID: 28306757]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hh2301.100982] [PMID: 11717153]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.13.14.1923] [PMID: 10544175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1492806] [PMID: 17182864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.151.1.117] [PMID: 11018058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI24682] [PMID: 16075055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddq570] [PMID: 21212099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd4204] [PMID: 24481312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.036] [PMID: 21183071]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610906104] [PMID: 17709754]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.035] [PMID: 17903636]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017545] [PMID: 26819374]
[PMID: 8500238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.86.2.152] [PMID: 10666410]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.304384] [PMID: 24874428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006876031121] [PMID: 9546644]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02160-5] [PMID: 12383574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2008.142562] [PMID: 18708417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.2004] [PMID: 15987803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2014.189] [PMID: 25421167]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.12.4.635] [PMID: 13261317]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.015] [PMID: 21256164]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.11.016] [PMID: 16371224]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000047668.48494.39] [PMID: 12511534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2016.203] [PMID: 28004807]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.900] [PMID: 8443910]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01803-4] [PMID: 11849874]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11897-012-0102-z] [PMID: 22767403]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00038.2012] [PMID: 23899560]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.162] [PMID: 27739515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvr015] [PMID: 21257612]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1137] [PMID: 15558058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.057] [PMID: 18812163]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051] [PMID: 18674809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.798561] [PMID: 19414638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.259952] [PMID: 22456184]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945011795529001] [PMID: 21269265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2003] [PMID: 15105170]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.09.003] [PMID: 17045979]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00344-5] [PMID: 11282330]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1291/hypres.26.829] [PMID: 14621187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028274] [PMID: 28860122]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.075] [PMID: 18466804]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvt216] [PMID: 24048945]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017355] [PMID: 26819376]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.09.002] [PMID: 18845187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00087-3] [PMID: 15123336]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.005066] [PMID: 28242634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/JP273185] [PMID: 27861911]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021230] [PMID: 26819375]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.51] [PMID: 28436486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020226] [PMID: 27059949]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2011.08.008] [PMID: 21871578]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.02.003] [PMID: 21320465]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2010.11.008] [PMID: 21109195]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00520-9] [PMID: 28916822]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12894] [PMID: 27305869]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0065-1] [PMID: 30115967]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.002] [PMID: 17331593]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2003] [PMID: 12857678]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0670fje] [PMID: 12626436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2454-z] [PMID: 22282161]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.5.358] [PMID: 24199165]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.065] [PMID: 24906147]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2008.10.021] [PMID: 18948104]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M803440200] [PMID: 18718903]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.020] [PMID: 26520898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.034850] [PMID: 12563009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0367com] [PMID: 12468452]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2006.10.003] [PMID: 17084713]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2005.12.002] [PMID: 16476485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.101289] [PMID: 28876223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01151.2009] [PMID: 20150567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr397] [PMID: 22160404]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm555] [PMID: 18065754]