Abstract
Glioma, especially its most malignant type, Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most common and the most aggressive malignant tumour in the central nervous system. Currently, we have no specific therapies that can significantly improve its dismal prognosis. Recent studies have reported promising in vitro experimental results of several novel glioma-targeting drugs; these studies are encouraging to both researchers and patients. However, clinical trials have revealed that novel compounds that focus on a single, clear glioma genetic alteration may not achieve a satisfactory outcome or have side effects that are unbearable. Based on this consensus, phytochemicals that exhibit multiple bioactivities have recently attracted much attention. Traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda) have shown that phytocompounds inhibit glioma angiogenesis, cancer stem cells and tumour proliferation; these results suggest a novel drug therapeutic strategy. However, single phytocompounds or their direct usage may not reverse comprehensive malignancy due to poor histological penetrability or relatively unsatisfactory in vivo efficiency. Recent research that has employed temozolomide combination treatment and Nanoparticles (NPs) with phytocompounds has revealed a powerful dual-target therapy and a high blood-brain barrier penetrability, which is accompanied by low side effects and strong specific targeting. This review is focused on major phytocompounds that have contributed to glioma-targeting treatment in recent years and their role in drug resistance inhibition, as well as novel drug delivery systems for clinical strategies. Lastly, we summarize a possible research strategy for the future.
Keywords: Phytochemical, glioma, glioblastoma, drug resistance, drug delivery system, nanoparticles.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043330] [PMID: 15758009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2017.07.001] [PMID: 28797870]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.009] [PMID: 27725228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70025-7] [PMID: 19269895]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jca.15486] [PMID: 27698907]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5398-y] [PMID: 29948068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.015] [PMID: 26792571]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4] [PMID: 17618441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.11.8554] [PMID: 17827463]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70379-1] [PMID: 25163906]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90067-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1] [PMID: 27157931]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.12.37] [PMID: 22594898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2016.04.007] [PMID: 30258889]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2008-090] [PMID: 18952979]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05236] [PMID: 17051156]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401872] [PMID: 16456578]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.137] [PMID: 26116770]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2013.411] [PMID: 24096485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2016.1257609] [PMID: 27809598]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx106] [PMID: 28863449]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30517-X] [PMID: 28844499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11523-014-0305-1] [PMID: 24424564]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nop073] [PMID: 20156808]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2009.04.008] [PMID: 19560740]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.036] [PMID: 18948169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-014-1604-1] [PMID: 25173233]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000320] [PMID: 25602852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4037] [PMID: 28627598]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666160902144513] [PMID: 27592626]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02198.x] [PMID: 22192169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170823125330] [PMID: 28831918]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867311320150003] [PMID: 23432591]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.087] [PMID: 28322962]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.03.009] [PMID: 20346967]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.038] [PMID: 27865956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127802] [PMID: 25996607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711795656036] [PMID: 21517750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6170] [PMID: 30109743]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/1387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12248-012-9432-8] [PMID: 23143785]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40259-012-0002-5] [PMID: 23329395]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719518] [PMID: 16582024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp900243b] [PMID: 20108971]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/ajp.2015.3872] [PMID: 25949949]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4362] [PMID: 20460537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/539305] [PMID: 24236240]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp700113r] [PMID: 17999464]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203506332]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1978.tb02240.x] [PMID: 696348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.05.003] [PMID: 17588771]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119155195]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/504253] [PMID: 26180591]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.104.000885] [PMID: 15333514]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.40.100186.002055] [PMID: 3535648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.003] [PMID: 15963727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.09.022] [PMID: 14744633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.348] [PMID: 17004897]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/905215] [PMID: 25802870]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498250010002487] [PMID: 11197066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1753] [PMID: 11385063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.12.249] [PMID: 23210653]
[PMID: 9884304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.99898] [PMID: 23055633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030] [PMID: 19664713]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2006.10.013] [PMID: 17198973]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.126] [PMID: 22929442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00200-8] [PMID: 12529927]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-147-38444] [PMID: 4445171]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.40220] [PMID: 19966973]
[PMID: 11815407]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm501535r] [PMID: 25494650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1602/neurorx.2.4.541] [PMID: 16489364]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00098a007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm010253i] [PMID: 11606137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002329900434] [PMID: 9767674]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568015023358058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm049717d] [PMID: 15566303]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci000065l] [PMID: 11128099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180417165247] [PMID: 29667549]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015040217741] [PMID: 10554091]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10611869808997889] [PMID: 9886238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02827-7] [PMID: 14554156]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00640] [PMID: 30351006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1033] [PMID: 30371825]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10637-018-0568-y] [PMID: 29392539]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2018.01.004] [PMID: 29407904]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.035] [PMID: 29017921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450118666161116130155] [PMID: 27848884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945011701151217100907] [PMID: 26687602]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450119666180403101555] [PMID: 29611487]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0108765] [PMID: 11754562]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/S1110724304403040] [PMID: 15577196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.003] [PMID: 15963474]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140815123852] [PMID: 25139396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171206101945] [PMID: 29210634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.020] [PMID: 18571839]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170609080357] [PMID: 28595545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.025] [PMID: 15680311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00552.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.002] [PMID: 16018963]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.21023] [PMID: 16823770]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.1941] [PMID: 22842701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.034] [PMID: 26187071]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22575] [PMID: 27649384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077195] [PMID: 26528921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11888-016-0307-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5899] [PMID: 28840615]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450119666180326125252] [PMID: 29577854]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450118666170328122527] [PMID: 28356027]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450117666160527142423] [PMID: 27231108]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.022] [PMID: 26066364]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4639] [PMID: 22407780]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.09.001] [PMID: 19775769]
[PMID: 22108476]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.11.2.13842] [PMID: 21084858]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.003] [PMID: 18006147]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/clim.1999.4769] [PMID: 10527691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2002.35.3.337] [PMID: 12297018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3066] [PMID: 17332326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jphs.12149FP] [PMID: 23603894]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.008] [PMID: 24134840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-7452-4] [PMID: 18324353]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016309789054933] [PMID: 19496751]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543770902895727] [PMID: 19473103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21710] [PMID: 21484966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12163] [PMID: 24165291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5037] [PMID: 27035875]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-014-1469-1] [PMID: 25082210]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx990003t] [PMID: 10207128]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.020] [PMID: 16876833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf020782a] [PMID: 12537430]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf302903k] [PMID: 22971250]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.121269] [PMID: 21106921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2613.2001.00205.x] [PMID: 11846837]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(95)03948-V] [PMID: 7585463]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182429899] [PMID: 12205293]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.027] [PMID: 16519995]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2010.1] [PMID: 20140007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.006] [PMID: 23871988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.014] [PMID: 20438794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.003] [PMID: 20399614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410802267643] [PMID: 18846469]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acel.12133] [PMID: 23834676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.035] [PMID: 28864169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719626] [PMID: 17906191]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.3832] [PMID: 25991666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000085385] [PMID: 15956814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2002.6372] [PMID: 11820792]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03256.x] [PMID: 15992376]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr_00000021] [PMID: 21479478]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-013-1394-z] [PMID: 24338484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2626-3_9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.25.14138] [PMID: 9391166]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1071576021000006662] [PMID: 12448828]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171129215251] [PMID: 29189123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.04.004] [PMID: 19375450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986710791859270] [PMID: 20586714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.019] [PMID: 22285988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.05.002] [PMID: 20637373]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030304] [PMID: 26950104]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00551.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3466.2004.tb00139.x] [PMID: 15492766]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.001] [PMID: 20837050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05843.x] [PMID: 21261638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.016] [PMID: 25451966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450118666161108124414] [PMID: 27829351]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399811666150615150235] [PMID: 26844571]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666171107103114] [PMID: 29110598]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176067]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2015.0197] [PMID: 26537190]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/neo_2016_406] [PMID: 27268916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scr.2013.04.004] [PMID: 23651583]
[PMID: 22199285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2863] [PMID: 25646654]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169854] [PMID: 28081224]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00423-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00062a017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(15)61024-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327914NC352_12] [PMID: 10693172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831394b8] [PMID: 18827577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.21977] [PMID: 19009557]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.09.011] [PMID: 27823633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/22.3.409] [PMID: 11238180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.8.2669] [PMID: 12888656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00129-1] [PMID: 21782648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01215.x] [PMID: 19496785]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2008-085] [PMID: 18971417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.015] [PMID: 20654599]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2458] [PMID: 26782731]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.184.4135.430] [PMID: 17736509]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.36.4453]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3759.170] [PMID: 5332945]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030481115] [PMID: 13854990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03566] [PMID: 15917812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.044] [PMID: 30122223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.5843] [PMID: 22393086]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2018.1427212] [PMID: 29405073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10637-017-0503-7] [PMID: 28852916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00968a057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90135-3] [PMID: 3059066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.6.2183] [PMID: 9196130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.12.3056] [PMID: 8955650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.12.040] [PMID: 19232434]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gyno.2000.5807] [PMID: 10831357]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.658] [PMID: 10080612]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.5821] [PMID: 17135646]
[PMID: 2997227]
[PMID: 2548710]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058453] [PMID: 7623066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19971127)73:5<707:AID-IJC16>3.0.CO;2-2] [PMID: 9398050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00070-9] [PMID: 12091065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb07055.x] [PMID: 11193913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/S1152851703000218] [PMID: 14769136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2005-010] [PMID: 16533878]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00200a013] [PMID: 8068669]
[PMID: 2832051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.10.4996-5004.2002] [PMID: 12324349]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.004] [PMID: 16814440]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.002] [PMID: 27470408]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.98.3.0570] [PMID: 12650430]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527609949]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [PMID: 28324581]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0006025] [PMID: 23559908]
[PMID: 12649187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b418841c] [PMID: 16010347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.44] [PMID: 20209387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.153.3742.1392] [PMID: 17814391]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00325.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/13.1.139] [PMID: 14946504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-818968] [PMID: 15124085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.107003] [PMID: 17065367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80080-8] [PMID: 23194773]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.7.8.6263] [PMID: 18487947]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.528760] [PMID: 24599950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2014.22] [PMID: 24577085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/15384047.2014.987548] [PMID: 25482928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945011798829410] [PMID: 21777198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945007780058979] [PMID: 17348832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867323666160411142532] [PMID: 27063259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.006] [PMID: 28108377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00212-9] [PMID: 10571242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.053]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac980890p] [PMID: 10221076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.620.55]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2016.00007] [PMID: 26850342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.004] [PMID: 29021688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.12.005] [PMID: 26869820]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4272] [PMID: 26502836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08830185.2011.642909] [PMID: 22251008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.16] [PMID: 23717100]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.03.001] [PMID: 25378989]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00423] [PMID: 29765322]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.155] [PMID: 29421582]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3387-1] [PMID: 25835975]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1604] [PMID: 22922739]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060313t] [PMID: 17261067]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2555] [PMID: 23783960]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-015-0274-y] [PMID: 26872471]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.01.003] [PMID: 17320424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-1739-x] [PMID: 24557544]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2018.1551901] [PMID: 30601070]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(1997)27+<106:AID-JCB17>3.0.CO;2-L] [PMID: 9591200]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1300800430] [PMID: 23738470]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-010-1378-x] [PMID: 20563582]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.073] [PMID: 28672279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015843] [PMID: 21283566]
[PMID: 20416170]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.034] [PMID: 18538921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-11-183] [PMID: 21595977]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00592.x] [PMID: 22545969]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-5027-1] [PMID: 15868412]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2013.1213] [PMID: 23761818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.1206] [PMID: 23228961]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.049] [PMID: 18442668]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2010.855] [PMID: 21132268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2022] [PMID: 22965456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-011-0770-7] [PMID: 22160627]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-013-1136-0] [PMID: 23700323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0727-2] [PMID: 26563263]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2011.1276] [PMID: 21519795]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2448] [PMID: 24841897]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3626] [PMID: 27498706]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2] [PMID: 11198818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DMR-100102342] [PMID: 11139137]
[PMID: 8137323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PNS2005475] [PMID: 16441946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2005.04.004] [PMID: 15925707]
[PMID: 20651362]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.868912] [PMID: 24447182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201700913] [PMID: 29532604]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.19.8225] [PMID: 25339010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.006] [PMID: 23870899]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4292] [PMID: 26397194]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.25.2392] [PMID: 589729]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(94)00367-E]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50045a014] [PMID: 3760886]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-580] [PMID: 24314238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-4258-5] [PMID: 26496737]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2804] [PMID: 25530098]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066326] [PMID: 23840441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.004] [PMID: 28108311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.115] [PMID: 26321663]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161023823] [PMID: 26473829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.153] [PMID: 26541455]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094180] [PMID: 24714453]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31442-3] [PMID: 28801186]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox012] [PMID: 28339964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.504] [PMID: 23321511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074242] [PMID: 24086323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.04.5963] [PMID: 16735709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/neup.12062] [PMID: 24112388]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26469] [PMID: 29091297]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.19592] [PMID: 22415136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.075] [PMID: 28487072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-008-9295-3] [PMID: 18581255]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3342] [PMID: 25050915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4087] [PMID: 26239619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3271] [PMID: 26648123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-147] [PMID: 23522185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00244] [PMID: 25817068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.618785] [PMID: 25564617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.062] [PMID: 20553984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1602/neurorx.2.1.3] [PMID: 15717053]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-9907-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.030] [PMID: 21729743]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp200600t] [PMID: 22497485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn402662d] [PMID: 24028526]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.19784] [PMID: 28969057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2267] [PMID: 25153726]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.031] [PMID: 22154931]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00311-X] [PMID: 11489483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.74.3.0441] [PMID: 1993909]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/5.2.79] [PMID: 12672279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-005-0707-z] [PMID: 16482400]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.5.17557] [PMID: 19046047]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-018-6032-x] [PMID: 29455370]