摘要
癌症的特征在于高死亡率和低固化性。 最近的研究表明，肿瘤抗性的机制不仅涉及肿瘤细胞的内源性变化，还涉及肿瘤微环境（TME），它为癌细胞的生长，侵袭和转移提供了必要的条件，类似于Stephen Paget的对“种子和土壤”的假设。因此，TME是通过纳米颗粒进行癌症治疗的重要目标，纳米颗粒可以携带针对不同类型或阶段的肿瘤的不同种类的药物。 纳米疗法的关键步骤是实现精确的主动或被动靶向，以在肿瘤细胞中精确地触发药物，具有较低的毒性和较少的副作用。 随着对肿瘤微环境的深入理解和纳米材料工业的快速发展，纳米疗法的机制可以根据特定的TME特征个体化，包括低pH，癌症相关成纤维细胞（CAF）和增加的金属蛋白酶表达。 然而，TME的一些异常特征限制了药物的致死浓度到达所有肿瘤细胞，并且肿瘤的特征在许多方面变化，导致纳米疗法的临床应用的巨大挑战。 在这篇综述中，我们讨论了肿瘤微环境在肿瘤发生和发展中的重要作用，以及改善肿瘤微环境靶向纳米粒子的治疗效果所需的措施以及减少对正常组织损伤的方法。
关键词: 肿瘤微环境，纳米疗法，纳米粒子，靶向治疗，纳米医学，纳米技术。
图形摘要
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