Substance Use in Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department

Edore       Onigu-Otite; Miju       Kurtzweil; Veronica       Tucci; Nidal       Moukaddam
doi:10.2174/2210676608666181015114220
Abstract

Background: Adolescent substance use is a dynamic public health problem. Adolescence is a unique developmental period involving overlapping biological, psychological, and social factors which increase the rates of initiation of substance use. The developing adolescent brain is particularly susceptible to the effects of substances and most adults with substance use disorders began to have symptoms and problems in their adolescent years. Yet, for various reasons, most adolescents who use, misuse, abuse, or are addicted to substances do not perceive the need for treatment.
Objective: Drug and alcohol use among adolescents is a common presentation in hospital Emergency Departments (EDs) and presents in different forms including in association with intoxication, withdrawal states, or trauma associated with drug-related events. For many adolescents with substance use, the Emergency Department (ED) is the first point of contact with medical personnel and thus also serves as a potential entry point into treatment.
Methods: This article reviews the common ways drug and alcohol problems present in the ED, clinical assessment of the patient and family, screening, laboratory testing, brief interventions in the ED, and referral to treatment beyond the ED.
Conclusion: Guidelines on how to manage the shifting terrain of adolescent substance use presenting in EDs across the nation continue to evolve. We highlight that considerable further research is needed to inform effective ED protocols to address this important individual and public health safety concern. Systems of care models which include collaborative teams of diverse stake holders are needed to effectively manage adolescents with substance use disorders.
Keywords: Adolescent, alcohol, drug, substance use, emergency department, screening.
« Previous Next »
Abraham, Z.K., Sher, L. (2017). Adolescent suicide as a global public health issue. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0036] 

Aghajanian, G.K., Wang, Y.Y. (1987). Common alpha 2- and opiate effector mechanisms in the locus coeruleus: intracellular studies in brain slices. Neuropharmacology,  26(7B), 793-799.

Ali, S., Mouton, C.P., Jabeen, S., Ofoemezie, E.K., Bailey, R.K., Shahid, M., Zeng, Q. (2011). Early Detection of Illicit Drug Use in Teenagers. Innov. Clin. Neurosci.,  8(12), 24-28.

Armstrong, T.D., Costello, E.J. (2002). Community studies on adolescent substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.,  70(6), 1224-1239.

Arria, A.M., Yacoubian, G.S., Jr, Fost, E., Wish, E.D. (2002). The pediatric forum: Ecstasy use among club rave attendees. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.,  156(3), 295-296.

Ashrafioun, L., Bishop, T.M., Conner, K.R., Pigeon, W.R. (2017). Frequency of prescription opioid misuse and suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts. J. Psychiatr. Res.,  92, 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.011] 

Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B., Monteiro, M.G. (2001). AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. Second Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. Retrieved August 15, 2018, from
                    http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_MSD_MSB_01.6a.pdf

Banta-Green, C.J., Coffin, P.O., Merrill, J.O., Sears, J.M., Dunn, C., Floyd, A.S., Donovan, D.M. (2018). Impacts of an opioid overdose prevention intervention delivered subsequent to acute care. Inj. Prev.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042676] 

Beaton, A., Shubkin, C.D., Chapman, S. (2016). Addressing substance misuse in adolescents: a review of the literature on the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment model. Curr. Opin. Pediatr.,  28(2), 258-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOP.000000000-0000333] 

Berlan, E.D., Bravender, T. (2009). Confidentiality, consent, and caring for the adolescent patient. Curr. Opin. Pediatr.,  21(4), 450-456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832ce009] 

Bernstein, J., Dorfman, D., Lunstead, J., Topp, D., Mamata, H., Jaffer, S., Bernstein, E. (2017). Reaching Adolescents for Prevention: The Role of Pediatric Emergency Department Health Promotion Advocates. Pediatr. Emerg. Care,  33(4), 223-229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pec.0000000000000662] 

Bernstein, J., Heeren, T., Edward, E., Dorfman, D., Bliss, C., Winter, M., Bernstein, E. (2010). A brief motivational interview in a pediatric emergency department, plus 10-day telephone follow-up, increases attempts to quit drinking among youth and young adults who screen positive for problematic drinking. Acad. Emerg. Med.,  17(8), 890-902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00818.x] 

Bonci, A., Bernardi, G., Grillner, P., Mercuri, N.B. (2003). The dopamine-containing neuron: maestro or simple musician in the orchestra of addiction? Trends Pharmacol. Sci.,  24(4), 172-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-6147(03)00068-3] 

Borodovsky, J.T., Levy, S., Fishman, M., Marsch, L.A. (2018). Buprenorphine Treatment for Adolescents and Young Adults with Opioid Use Disorders: A Narrative Review. J. Addict. Med.,  12(3), 170-183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000388] 

Bukstein, O.G., Horner, M.S. (2010). Management of the adolescent with substance use disorders and comorbid psychopathology. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,  19(3), 609-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.011] 

Busch, S.H., Fiellin, D.A., Chawarski, M.C., Owens, P.H., Pantalon, M.V., Hawk, K., D’Onofrio, G. (2017). Cost-effectiveness of emergency department-initiated treatment for opioid dependence. Addiction,  112(11), 2002-2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13900] 

Couwenbergh, C., van den Brink, W., Zwart, K., Vreugdenhil, C., van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P., van der Gaag, R.J. (2006). Comorbid psychopathology in adolescents and young adults treated for substance use disorders: A review. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry,  15(6), 319-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-006-0535-6] 

Cunningham, R. M., Bernstein, S. L., Walton, M., Broderick, K., Vaca, F. E., Woolard, R., D'Onofrio, G. (2009). Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs: future directions
for screening and intervention in the emergency
department. Academic Emergency Medicine,  11(11), 1078-1088.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00552.x] 

Curtin, S.C., Tejada-Vera, B., Warner, M. (2017). Drug overdose deaths among adolescents aged 15–19 in the United States: 1999–2015. Hyattsville, MD. Retrieved August 15, 2018, from
                    https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db282.htm

D’Onofrio, G., O’Connor, P.G., Pantalon, M.V., Chawarski, M.C., Busch, S.H., Owens, P.H. , . . . Fiellin, D. A. (2015). Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA,  313(16), 1636-1644.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.3474] 

Desjardins, N., Stheneur, C. (2016). [Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: A review of the literature]. Arch. Pediatr.,  23(6), 619-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.arcped.2016.01.016] 

Dezieck, L., Hafez, Z., Conicella, A., Blohm, E., O’Connor, M.J., Schwarz, E.S., Mullins, M.E. (2017). Resolution of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome with topical capsaicin in the emergency department: A case series. Clin. Toxicol.,  55(8), 908-913.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 15563650.2017.1324166] 

Donofrio, J. J., Santillanes, G., McCammack, B. D., Lam, C. N., Menchine, M. D., Kaji, A. H., Claudius, I. A. (2014). Clinical utility of screening laboratory tests in pediatric psychiatric patients presenting to the emergency department for medical clearance. Annals of Emergency Medicine,  63(6), 666-675 e663.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.011] 

Donovan, J.E. (2009). Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentrations for Child and Adolescent Drinking and Their Implications for Screening Instruments. Pediatrics,  123(6), e975-e981.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0027] 

Duflou, J., Mark, A. (2000). Aortic dissection after ingestion of “ecstasy” (MDMA). Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol.,  21(3), 261-263.

Fahimi, J., Aurrecoechea, A., Anderson, E., Herring, A., Alter, H. (2015). Substance abuse and mental health visits among adolescents presenting to US emergency departments. Pediatr. Emerg. Care,  31(5), 331-338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pec.0000000000000421] 

Fishman, M. (2008). Precipitated withdrawal during maintenance opioid blockade with extended release naltrexone. Addiction,  103(8), 1399-1401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02252.x] 

Fishman, M.J., Winstanley, E.L., Curran, E., Garrett, S., Subramaniam, G. (2010). Treatment of opioid dependence in adolescents and young adults with extended release naltrexone: preliminary case-series and feasibility. Addiction,  105(9), 1669-1676.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03015.x] 

Funk, R.R., McDermeit, M., Godley, S.H., Adams, L. (2003). Maltreatment issues by level of adolescent substance abuse treatment: the extent of the problem at intake and relationship to early outcomes. Child Maltreat.,  8(1), 36-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10775595-02239607] 

Galaif, E.R., Sussman, S., Newcomb, M.D., Locke, T.F. (2007). Suicidality, depression, and alcohol use among adolescents: a review of empirical findings. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine Health,  19(1), 27-35.

Galli, J.A., Sawaya, R.A., Friedenberg, F.K. (2011). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Curr. Drug Abuse Rev.,  4(4), 241-249.

Giaconia, R.M., Reinherz, H.Z., Hauf, A.C., Paradis, A.D., Wasserman, M.S., Langhammer, D.M. (2000). Comorbidity of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry,  70(2), 253-262.

Graham, J., Barberio, M., Wang, G.S. (2017). Capsaicin Cream for Treatment of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents: A Case Series. Pediatrics,  140(6)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3795] 

Grigsby, T. J., Forster, M., Unger, J. B., Sussman, S. (2016). Predictors of alcohol-related negative consequences in adolescents: A systematic review of the literature and implications for future research. Journal Adolesc,  48, 18-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.01.006] 

Guvendeger Doksat, N., Zahmacioglu, O., Ciftci Demirci, A., Kocaman, G. M., Erdogan, A. (2017). Association of suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors with substance use and family characteristics among children and adolescents seeking treatment for substance use disorder. Substance Use and Misuse,  52(5), 604-613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1245745] 

Hadland, S.E., Levy, S. (2016). Objective Testing: Urine and Other Drug Tests. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am.,  25(3), 549-565.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.005] 

Hadland, S.E., Wharam, J.F., Schuster, M.A., Zhang, F., Samet, J.H., Larochelle, M.R. (2017). Trends in Receipt of Buprenorphine and Naltrexone for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adolescents and Young Adults, 2001-2014. JAMA Pediatr.,  171(8), 747-755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0745] 

Harris, S.K., Knight, J.R., Van Hook, S., Sherritt, L., Brooks, T., Kulig, J.W., Saitz, R. (2016). Adolescent substance use screening in primary care: validity of computer self-administered vs. clinician-administered screening. Substance Abuse,  37(1), 197-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2015.1014615] 

Harris, S.K., Louis-Jacques, J., Knight, J.R. (2014). Screening and brief intervention for alcohol and other abuse. Adolesc. Med. State Art Rev.,  25(1), 126-156.

Hedegaard, H W. M., Miniño AM. NCHS Data Brief, no 294. . (2017). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2016. Retrieved from Hyattsville, MD:

Hickey, J. L., Witsil, J. C., & Mycyk, M. B. (2017). Haloperidol for treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. American Journal of Emergency Medicine,  31(6), 1003.e1005-1006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.02.021] 

Hohmann, N., Mikus, G., Czock, D. (2014). Effects and risks associated with novel psychoactive substances: mislabeling and sale as bath salts, spice, and research chemicals. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int.,  111(9), 139-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2014.0139] 

Hopfer, C.J., Khuri, E., Crowley, T.J., Hooks, S. (2002). Adolescent heroin use: a review of the descriptive and treatment literature. J. Subst. Abuse Treat.,  23(3), 231-237.

Inayat, F., Virk, H.U., Ullah, W., Hussain, Q. (2017). Is haloperidol the wonder drug for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome? British Medical Journal Case Reports,  2017
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-218239] 

Janssen, E., Spilka, S., Beck, F. (2017). [Suicide, mental health and substance uses among French adolescents in 2014]. Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique,  65(6), 409-417.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2017.06.004] 

Johnston, L.D., Miech, R.A., O’Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., Schulenberg, J.E., Patrick, M.E. (2018). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use: 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research.

Knight, J.R., Sherritt, L., Shrier, L.A., Harris, S.K., Chang, G. (2002). Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.,  156(6), 607-614.

Knight, J.R., Shrier, L.A., Bravender, T.D., Farrell, M., Vander Bilt, J., Shaffer, H.J. (1999). A new brief screen for adolescent substance abuse. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.,  153(6), 591-596.

Koren, G. (2007). A primer of paediatric toxic syndromes or ‘toxidromes.’. Paediatr. Child Health,  12(6), 457-459.

Kort-Butler, L.A. (2017). Head injury and substance use in young adults. Subst. Use Misuse,  52(8), 1019-1026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1268632] 

Lai, T. I., Hwang, J. J., Fang, C. C., Chen, W. J. (2003). Methylene 3, 4 dioxymethamphetamine-induced acute myocardial infarction. Archives of Emergency Medicine,  42(6), 759-762.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196064403005110] 

Levy, S., Harris, S.K., Sherritt, L., Angulo, M., Knight, J.R. (2006). Drug testing of adolescents in ambulatory medicine: physician practices and knowledge. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.,  160(2), 146-150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.2.146] 

Levy, S., Siqueira, L. M. Committee on Substance, A., Ammerman, S. D., Gonzalez, P. K., Ryan, S. A., . . .Smith, V. C. (2014). Testing for drugs of abuse in children and adolescents. Pediatrics,  133(6), e1798-e1807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0865] 

Levy, S.J., Williams, J.F. Committee On Substance Use and Prevention. (2016). Substance Use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment. Pediatrics,  138(1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1211] 

Madhok, A., Boxer, R., Chowdhury, D. (2003). Atrial fibrillation in an adolescent--the agony of ecstasy. Pediatr. Emerg. Care,  19(5), 348-349.

Marsch, L.A., Moore, S.K., Borodovsky, J.T., Solhkhah, R., Badger, G.J., Semino, S., Ducat, E. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine taper duration among opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults. Addiction,  111(8), 1406-1415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13363] 

Mas, M., Farre, M., de la Torre, R., Roset, P.N., Ortuno, J., Segura, J., Cami, J. (1999). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,  290(1), 136-145.

Mattick, R.P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., Davoli, M. (2014). Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), , Cd002207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub4] 

Meehan, T.J., Bryant, S.M., Aks, S.E. (2010). Drugs of abuse: the highs and lows of altered mental states in the emergency department. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am.,  28(3), 663-682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2010.03.012] 

Mehta, J.J., Mahendran, A.K., Bajaj, R.K., Doshi, A.R. (2017). Myocardial ischemia with cannabinoid use in an adolescent. Cureus,  9(11)e1899
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/ cureus.1899] 

Mello, M.J., Becker, S.J., Bromberg, J., Baird, J., Zonfrillo, M.R., Spirito, A. (2018). Implementing alcohol misuse SBIRT in a national cohort of pediatric trauma centers-a type iii hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial. Implement. Sci.,  13(1), 35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ s13012-018-0725-x] 

Moon, A.M., Buckley, S.A., Mark, N.M. (2018). Successful treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with topical capsaicin. ACG Case Rep. J.,  5e3
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/crj.2018.3] 

 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, N. (2004). NIAAA council approves definition of binge drinking. NIAAA Newsletter, No. 3, p. 3. Retrieved from
                    https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Newsletter/winter2004/ Newsletter_Number3.pdf

 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, N. (2015). Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention for Youth: A practitioner’s guide. Retrieved from
                    https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/clinical-guides-and-manuals/alcohol-screening-and-brief-intervention-youth

Newton, A. S., Dong, K., Mabood, N., Ata, N., Ali, S., Gokiert, R., Wild, T. C. (2013). Brief emergency department interventions for youth who use alcohol and other drugs: A systematic review. Pediatric Emergency Care,  29(5), 673-684.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31828ed325] 

Onigu-Otite, E., Oyebadjo, O.A., Moukaddam, N., Santillanes, G., Tucci, V. (2016). Like a Prisoner in Azkaban: Medical Clearance of the Pediatric Psychiatric Patient. Pediatric Emergency Care and Medicine: Open Access,  1, 1.

Palamar, J.J., Fenstermaker, M., Kamboukos, D., Ompad, D.C., Cleland, C.M., Weitzman, M. (2014). Adverse psychosocial outcomes associated with drug use among US high school seniors: A comparison of alcohol and marijuana. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse,  40(6), 438-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/ 00952990.2014.943371] 

Palamar, J.J., Salomone, A., Gerace, E., Di Corcia, D., Vincenti, M., Cleland, C.M. (2017). Hair testing to assess both known and unknown use of drugs amongst ecstasy users in the electronic dance music scene. Int. J. Drug Policy,  48, 91-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.010] 

Palamar, J. J., Salomone, A., Vincenti, M., Cleland, C. M. (2016). Detection of "bath salts" and other novel psychoactive substances in hair samples of ecstasy/MDMA/"Molly" users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,  161, 200-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.001] 

Pang, R.D., Farrahi, L., Glazier, S., Sussman, S., Leventhal, A.M. (2014). Depressive symptoms, negative urgency and substance use initiation in adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend.,  144, 225-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.771] 

Patrick, M.E., Terry-McElrath, Y.M. (2017). High-intensity drinking by underage young adults in the United States. Addiction,  112(1), 82-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13556] 

Patrick, M.E., Terry-McElrath, Y.M., Kloska, D.D., Schulenberg, J.E. (2016). High-Intensity Drinking Among Young Adults in the United States: Prevalence, Frequency, and Developmental Change. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.,  40(9), 1905-1912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.13164] 

Committee on Substance Abuse. (2016).  Medication-assisted treatment of adolescents with opioid use disorders. Pediatrics, 138(3): e20161893 ).
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1893] 

Pelissier, F., Claudet, I., Gandia-Mailly, P., Benyamina, A., Franchitto, N. (2016). Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome in the Emergency Department: How Can a Specialized Addiction Team Be Useful? A Pilot Study. Journal of Emergency Medicine,  51(5), 544-551.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.06.009] 

Pertwee, R.G. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br. J. Pharmacol.,  153(2), 199-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442] 

Pianca, G.T., Sordi, A.O., Hartmann, T.C., von Diemen, L. (2017). Identification and initial management of intoxication by alcohol and other drugs in the pediatric emergency room, Jornal de Pediatria, Volume 93, Supplement 1,2017, 46-52. 
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2017.06.015] 

Richards, J.R. (2018). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Pathophysiology and treatment in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Medicine,  54(3), 354-363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.12.010] 

Richards, J. R., Gordon, B. K., Danielson, A. R., Moulin, A. K. (2017). Pharmacologic treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: A systematic review. Pharmacotherapy,  37(6), 725-734.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phar.1931] 

Rose, C. D., Cuca, Y. P., Kamitani, E., Eng, S., Zepf, R., Draughon, J., Lum, P. (2015). Using interactive web-based screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment in an urban, safety-net HIV clinic. AIDS and Behavior,  19(0 2), 186-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1078-y] 

Rowley, E., Benson, D., Tiffee, A., Hockensmith, A., Zeng, H., Jones, G.N., Musso, M.W. (2017). Clinical and financial implications of emergency department visits for synthetic marijuana. Am. J. Emerg. Med.,  35(10), 1506-1509.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.044] 

Salomone, A., Palamar, J.J., Gerace, E., Di Corcia, D., Vincenti, M. (2017). Hair testing for drugs of abuse and new psychoactive substances in a high-risk population. J. Anal. Toxicol.,  41(5), 376-381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkx020] 

Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Dupuis, L.C., Ray, R. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health,  29(2)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-0053] 

Santillanes, G., Donofrio, J.J., Lam, C.N., Claudius, I. (2014). Is medical clearance necessary for pediatric psychiatric patients? J. Emerg. Med.,  46(6), 800-807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.12.003] 

Schuckit, M.A., Smith, T.L., Heron, J., Hickman, M., Macleod, J., Munafo, M.R., Davey-Smith, G. (2015). Latent trajectory classes for alcohol-related blackouts from age 15 to 19 in ALSPAC. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research,  39(1), 108-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.12601] 

Simmons, R., Ungemack, J., Sussman, J., Anderson, R., Adorno, S., Aguayo, J., Tirnady, R. (2008). Bringing adolescents into substance abuse treatment through community outreach and engagement: the Hartford Youth Project. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs,  40(1), 41-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10399760] 

Subramaniam, G.A., Fishman, M.J., Woody, G. (2009). Treatment of opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults with buprenorphine. Curr. Psychiatry Rep.,  11(5), 360-363.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2012). The DAWN Report: Emergency Department Visits by Adolescents Involving Narcotic Pain Relievers. Rockville, MD: Retrieved from 
                    http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN_Short_Report_038/DAWN_Short_Report_038_Narcotics_2012.pdf

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014). The TEDS Report: Age of Substance Use Initiation among Treatment Admissions Aged 18 to 30. Rockville, MD. Retrieved from 
                    https://www.samhsa. gov/data/sites/default/files/WebFiles_TEDS_SR142_AgeatInit_07-10-14/TEDS-SR142-AgeatInit-2014.pdf

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2016). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. HHS Publication No. SMA 16-4984, NSDUH Series H-51. Retrieved from
                    http://www.samhsa.gov/data/

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2017). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Retrieved from Rockville, MD: Retrieved from 
                    https://www.samhsa.gov/data/

Tadros, A., Layman, S. M., Davis, S. M., Bozeman, R., Davidov, D. M. (2016). Emergency department visits by pediatric patients for poisoning by prescription opioids. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse,  42(5), 550-555.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2016.1194851] 

Tournebize, J., Gibaja, V., Kahn, J.P. (2017). Acute effects of synthetic cannabinoids: Update 2015. Substance Abuse,  38(3), 344-366.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2016.1219438] 

Tucci, V., Siever, K., Matorin, A., Moukaddam, N. (2015). Down the rabbit hole: Emergency department medical clearance of patients with psychiatric or behavioral emergencies. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am.,  33(4), 721-737.

 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2017). World Drug Report 2017 - Market analysis of synthetic drugs, amphetamine-type stimulants, new psychoactive substances. ISBN: 978-92-1-148291-1, eISBN: 978-92-1-060623-3, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.17.XI.6)

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2005). Drinking in America: Myths, realities, and prevention policy. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from 
                    https://www.cdc. gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/underage-drinking.htm

Vallersnes, O.M., Bjornaas, M.A., Lund, C., Jacobsen, D., Ekeberg, O., Brekke, M. (2016). Follow-up of young patients after acute poisoning by substances of abuse: A comparative cohort study at an emergency outpatient clinic. BMC Res. Notes,  9, 398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2200-6] 

Volkow, N.D., Baler, R.D., Compton, W.M., Weiss, S.R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N. Engl. J. Med.,  370(23), 2219-2227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1402309] 

Wang, Y.Y., Aghajanian, G.K. (1987). Intracellular GTP gamma S restores the ability of morphine to hyperpolarize rat locus coeruleus neurons after blockade by pertussis toxin. Brain Res.,  436(2), 396-401.

Warden, D., Subramaniam, G.A., Carmody, T., Woody, G.E., Minhajuddin, A., Poole, S.A., Trivedi, M.H. (2012). Predictors of attrition with buprenorphine/naloxone treatment in opioid dependent youth. Addict. Behav.,  37(9), 1046-1053.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.addbeh.2012.04.011] 

Weddle, M., Kokotailo, P. K. (2005). Confidentiality and consent in adolescent substance abuse: an update. Virtual Mentor,  7(3)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2005.7.3.pfor1-0503] 

Wilens, T.E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., Biederman, J. (2011). Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry,  50(6), 543-553.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021] 

Wilson, O., Lutton, S., Doherty, K. (2015). Diagnosing and treating cannabinoid hyperemesis. Emerg. Nurse,  23(8), 22-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.23.8.22.s25] 

Witsil, J.C., Mycyk, M.B. (2017). Haloperidol, a Novel Treatment for Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. American Journal of Therapeutics,  24(1), e64-e67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000000157] 

Woody, G.E., Poole, S.A., Subramaniam, G., Dugosh, K., Bogenschutz, M., Abbott, P., Fudala, P. (2008). Extended vs short-term buprenorphine-naloxone for treatment of opioid-addicted youth: a randomized trial. JAMA,  300(17), 2003-2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2008.574] 

Wu, L-T., Blazer, D.G., Li, T-K., Woody, G.E. (2011). Treatment use and barriers among adolescents with prescription opioid use disorders. Addict. Behav.,  36(12), 1233-1239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.addbeh.2011.07.033] 

Wu, L-T., Zhu, H., Swartz, M.S. (2016). Treatment utilization among persons with opioid use disorder in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend.,  169, 117-127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.015] 

Yule, A.M., Wilens, T.E., Rauch, P.K. (2017). The Opioid Epidemic: What Is a Child Psychiatrist to Do? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,  56(7), 541-543.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.jaac.2017.02.011] 

Zhu, H., Wu, L-T. (2016). Trends and correlates of cannabis-involved emergency department visits: 2004 to 2011. J. Addict. Med.,  10(6), 429-436.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000256] 
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
12
1
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676608666181015114220	Print ISSN 2210-6766
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 2210-6774
Adolescent Psychiatry

Substance Use in Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department

Abstract Play Pause

Related Journals

Related Books

Related Articles

Abstract
