Abstract
Isoforms of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) carrying the linear homopolymer of alpha 2,8-linked sialic acid (polysialic acid, PSA) have emerged as particularly attractive candidates for promoting plasticity in the nervous system. The large negatively charged PSA chain of NCAM is considered as a spacer that reduces adhesion forces between cells allowing dynamic changes in membrane contacts. However, accumulating evidence also suggest that PSA-NCAM mediated interactions lead to activation of intracellular signaling cascades that are fundamental to the biological functions of the molecule. An important role of PSA-NCAM appears to be during development, when its expression level is high and where it contributes to regulate transformations of cell shape, cell growth or cell migration. However, PSA-NCAM does persist in adult brain structures that display a high degree of plasticity as the hippocampus where it is involved in activity- induced synaptic plasticity. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the structure, synthesis and signaling activity of PSA-NCAM essential to understand its role in synaptic plasticity.
Keywords: Glutamate Receptors, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, FGF Receptor, Neurotrophin, long-term depression
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Catalytic C-H bond activation as a tool for functionalization of heterocycles
The major topic is the functionalization of heterocycles through catalyzed C-H bond activation. The strategies based on C-H activation not only provide straightforward formation of C-C or C-X bonds but, more importantly, allow for the avoidance of pre-functionalization of one or two of the cross-coupling partners. The beneficial impact of ...read more
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