Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current HIV Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-162X
ISSN (Online): 1873-4251

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Evaluating the Relationship between Various Risk Factors and COVID-19 Incidence in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author(s): Hamid Harandi, Esmaeil Mehraeen, Soudabeh Yarmohammadi, Mehrnaz Rasoulinejad, Muhammad Ali Rasheed, Zohal Parmoon, Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi*, Fatemeh Afroughi and Omid Dadras

Volume 22, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 24 May, 2024

Page: [195 - 201] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/011570162X300999240515091324

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: People living with HIV (PLWH) are more susceptible to acquiring and having serious consequences from COVID-19. The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between COVID-19 infection and other risk factors in these patients.

Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study recruiting 160 PLWH referred to the Behavioral Disease Counselling Centre of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in 2021. The patients were selected through convenient sampling. A checklist was used to collect the necessary data. Descriptive statistical tests, such as mean and standard deviation, were employed alongside inferential statistics, including chi-square, Fisher, independent t-tests, and logistic regression, all evaluated at a significance level of p<0.05 using the R software.

Results: The patients' average age was 43.15 ± 11.23. Forty-four women and 116 men were present. A notable association was observed between the incidence of COVID-19 and variables such as hepatitis C and the duration of time since HIV diagnosis (p<0.001). Moreover, a strong correlation was found between the amount of COVID-19 vaccination doses given to patients and their probability of acquiring the disease. The first vaccination dose was linked to a 5.45 percent increase in COVID-19 incidence in patients, whereas the second and third doses (t=2.95, t=7.57) reduced the risk of getting COVID-19. Furthermore, no discernible link (p>0.05) was found between the use of various antiretroviral medications and COVID-19 infection.

Conclusion: This study finds that vaccine type does not impact COVID-19 outcomes in HIV-positive patients, but receiving more doses decreases the probability of occurrence of COVID-19, advocating for multiple vaccinations. However, PLWH, especially those non-compliant with antiretrovirals, need strict adherence to health protocols due to heightened vulnerability to viral illnesses.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol 2020; 92(4): 401-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678] [PMID: 31950516]
[2]
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 265-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3] [PMID: 32015508]
[3]
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 270-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7] [PMID: 32015507]
[4]
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5(4): 536-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z] [PMID: 32123347]
[5]
Mehraeen E, Oliaei S, SeyedAlinaghi S, et al. COVID-19 in pediatrics: A systematic review of current knowledge and practice. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22(5): e290921196908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526521666210929121705] [PMID: 34587889]
[6]
Pashaei Z, SeyedAlinaghi S, Qaderi K, et al. Retracted: Prenatal and neonatal complications of COVID ‐19: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5(2): e510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.510] [PMID: 35224216]
[7]
Shi Y, Wang G, Cai X, et al. An overview of COVID-19. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21(5): 343-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2000083] [PMID: 32425000]
[8]
World Health Organization.WHO COVID-19 dashboard 2023. Available from: https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases
[9]
SeyedAlinaghi S, Karimi A, Barzegary A, et al. COVID-19 mortality in patients with immunodeficiency and its predictors: a systematic review. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27(1): 195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00824-7] [PMID: 36209202]
[10]
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Available from: https://www.who.int/countries/irn
[11]
Peçanha T, Goessler KF, Roschel H, Gualano B. Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase physical inactivity and the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318(6): H1441-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00268.2020] [PMID: 32412779]
[12]
Hossain MM, Tasnim S, Sultana A, et al. Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review. F1000 Res 2020; 9: 636.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.24457.1] [PMID: 33093946]
[13]
Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(5): 779-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035] [PMID: 32526627]
[14]
SeyedAlinaghi S, Mirzapour P, Pashaei Z, et al. The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on service delivery and treatment outcomes in people living with HIV: a systematic review. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20(1): 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12981-022-00496-7] [PMID: 36609313]
[15]
Zhang M, Liang Y, Yu D, et al. A systematic review of vaccine breakthrough infections by SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18(2): 889-900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.68973] [PMID: 35002532]
[16]
Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, et al. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 535-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.044] [PMID: 32408118]
[17]
Lima-Martínez MM, Carrera Boada C, Madera-Silva MD, Marín W, Contreras M. COVID-19 and diabetes: A bidirectional relationship. Clin Investig Arterioscler 2021; 33(3): 151-7.
[PMID: 33303218]
[18]
Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 395-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018] [PMID: 32334395]
[19]
Ejaz H, Alsrhani A, Zafar A, et al. COVID-19 and comorbidities: Deleterious impact on infected patients. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13(12): 1833-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.014] [PMID: 32788073]
[20]
Zhao Q, Meng M, Kumar R, et al. The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19: A systemic review and meta‐analysis. J Med Virol 2020; 92(10): 1915-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25889] [PMID: 32293753]
[21]
Fung M, Babik JM. COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Hosts: What We Know So Far. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72(2): 340-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa863] [PMID: 33501974]
[22]
Baek MS, Lee MT, Kim WY, Choi JC, Jung SY. COVID-19-related outcomes in immunocompromised patients: A nationwide study in Korea. PLoS One 2021; 16(10): e0257641.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257641] [PMID: 34597325]
[23]
Blanco JL, Ambrosioni J, Garcia F, et al. COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series. Lancet HIV 2020; 7(5): e314-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30111-9] [PMID: 32304642]
[24]
Vizcarra P, Pérez-Elías MJ, Quereda C, et al. Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort. Lancet HIV 2020; 7(8): e554-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30164-8] [PMID: 32473657]
[25]
SeyedAlinaghi S, Ghadimi M, Hajiabdolbaghi M, et al. Prevalence of COVID-19-like Symptoms among people living with HIV, and using antiretroviral therapy for prevention and treatment. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18(5): 373-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18734251MTA47MTAhy] [PMID: 32652912]
[26]
Symptoms of COVID-19. 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
[27]
Stoeckle K, Johnston CD, Jannat-Khah DP, et al. COVID-19 in hospitalized adults with HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(8): ofaa327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa327] [PMID: 32864388]
[28]
SeyedAlinaghi S, Karimi A, MohsseniPour M, et al. The clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 in HIV‐positive patients: A systematic review of current evidence. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9(4): 1160-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.497] [PMID: 34324280]
[29]
Burch LS, Smith CJ, Phillips AN, Johnson MA, Lampe FC. Socioeconomic status and response to antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries. AIDS 2016; 30(8): 1147-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001068] [PMID: 26919732]
[30]
Bogart LM, Ojikutu BO, Tyagi K, et al. COVID-19 Related Medical Mistrust, Health Impacts, and Potential Vaccine Hesitancy Among Black Americans Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86(2): 200-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002570] [PMID: 33196555]
[31]
Pereira M, Oliveira AM. Poverty and food insecurity may increase as the threat of COVID-19 spreads. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23(17): 3236-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020003493] [PMID: 32895072]
[32]
Garcia PJ, Cabrera DM, Cárcamo PM, Diaz MM. HIV and COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19(1): 37-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-021-00589-4] [PMID: 35092570]
[33]
Lesko CR, Bengtson AM. HIV and COVID-19: Intersecting Epidemics With Many Unknowns. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190(1): 10-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa158] [PMID: 32696057]
[34]
Oyelade T, Raya RP, Latief K. HIV infection and the implication for COVID‐19 vaccination. Public Health Chall 2022; 1(3): e14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/puh2.14] [PMID: 37521727]
[35]
SeyedAlinaghi S, Taj L, Mazaheri-Tehrani E, et al. HIV in Iran: onset, responses, and future directions. AIDS 2021; 35(4): 529-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002757] [PMID: 33252485]
[36]
Ceballos ME, Ross P, Lasso M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of people living with HIV hospitalized with COVID-19: a nationwide experience. Int J STD AIDS 2021; 32(5): 435-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420973106] [PMID: 33533294]
[37]
Kassanjee R, Davies MA, Ngwenya O, Osei-Yeboah R, Jacobs T, Morden E, et al. COVID-19 among adults living with HIV: Correlates of mortality in a general population in a resource-limited setting. medRxiv 2022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.17.22281085]
[38]
Sun J, Jiang R, Shao Y, et al. Antiretroviral therapy-naïve people living with HIV tend to have more severe symptoms of COVID-19. Chin Med J 2023; 136(22): 2753-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002902] [PMID: 37920969]
[39]
Zhou Q, Zeng F, Meng Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Deng G. Serological response following COVID-19 vaccines in patients living with HIV: a dose–response meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13(1): 9893.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37051-x] [PMID: 37336939]
[40]
Ørbo HS, Bjørlykke KH, Sexton J, et al. Incidence and outcome of COVID-19 following vaccine and hybrid immunity in patients on immunosuppressive therapy: identification of protective post-immunisation anti-RBD antibody levels in a prospective cohort study. RMD Open 2024; 10(2): e003545.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003545] [PMID: 38599653]
[41]
Cooper TJ, Woodward BL, Alom S, Harky A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients: a systematic review. HIV Med 2020; 21(9): 567-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12911] [PMID: 32671970]
[42]
Guo S, Zhang J, Yang X, et al. Impact of HIV on COVID-19 Outcomes: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis with Varying Age Differences. AIDS Behav 2023; 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-04088-y] [PMID: 37289345]
[43]
Sardiwalla Y, Nachmani O, Price E, Huynh M, Coroneos C, McRae M. Upper Extremity Infection Related to Intravenous Drug Use: Considering the True Cost of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown. Hand (N Y) 2023; 18(6): 999-1004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589447221077377] [PMID: 35193427]
[44]
Mohammadi Z, Eghtesad S, Hashemi-Shahri SM, Tabatabaei SM, Sharafkhah M, Poustchi H. The Seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Intravenous Drug Users in Comparison to Non-drug Users. Middle East J Dig Dis 2021; 13(1): 67-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mejdd.2021.206] [PMID: 34712441]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy