Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4013
ISSN (Online): 2212-3881

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Feasting on the Future: Unveiling Edible Insects as a Sustainable Food with Enriched Health Benefits

In Press, (this is not the final "Version of Record"). Available online 18 April, 2024
Author(s): Akash Kumar, Nandani Goyal, Jhilam Pramanik, Swati Joia, Sudarshan Singh* and Bhupendra G. Prajapati*
Published on: 18 April, 2024

DOI: 10.2174/0115734013288788240405053034

Price: $95

Abstract

Animal- and plant-based foods are considered staple foods worldwide. As the population increases, new alternative foods with higher nutritional value and sustainable nature are needed. Moreover, the current food system drastically impacts the environment and may result in unsustainability. The livestock sector significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and is a major user of land and water resources. Additionally, excessive animal farming adversely affects the environment, accelerating climate change. To solve these problems, alternative and eco-friendly food resources that offer proper nutritional and health benefits are needed. Although edible insects have been used through several civilizations, they have emerged as an exciting and promising approach. Edible insects can transform various organic products into high-quality proteins with essential amino acids, including agricultural and food waste products. Edible insects are nutritionally rich and contain healthy fatty acids such as lauric acid, oleic acid, and omega 3 and 6. In addition, edible insect production requires much less resources, such as water and land, and emits significantly less greenhouse gases, thus contributing to sustainable food production. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the nutritional profile, sustainability aspects, and health benefits of edible insects.

[1]
Population: The numbers - Population matters. 2022. Available from: https://populationmatters.org/the-facts-numbers/
[2]
O’Neill DW, Fanning AL, Lamb WF, Steinberger JK. A good life for all within planetary boundaries. Nat Sustain 2018; 1: 88-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4]
[3]
van Meijl H, Havlik P, Lotze-Campen H, et al. Comparing impacts of climate change and mitigation on global agriculture by 2050. Environ Res Lett 2018; 13(6): 064021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabdc4]
[4]
Pimentel D, Burgess M. World human population problems. Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene. 2018; 1–5: pp. 313-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809665-9.09303-4]
[5]
Guiné RPF, Souta A, Gürbüz B, Almeida E, Lourenço J, Marques L. Textural properties of newly developed cookies incorporating whey residue. J Culin Sci Tech 2019; 18: 317-32.
[6]
Cappelli A, Oliva N, Bonaccorsi G, Lorini C, Cini E. Assessment of the rheological properties and bread characteristics obtained by innovative protein sources (Cicer arietinum, Acheta domesticus, Tenebrio molitor): Novel food or potential improvers for wheat flour? Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020; 118: 108867.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108867]
[7]
Baiano A. Edible insects: An overview on nutritional characteristics, safety, farming, production technologies, regulatory framework, and socio-economic and ethical implications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 100: 35-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.040]
[8]
Kim TK, Yong HI, Kim YB, Kim HW, Choi YS. Edible insects as a protein source: A review of public perception, processing technology, and research trends. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39(4): 521-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2019.e53] [PMID: 31508584]
[9]
Imathiu S. Benefits and food safety concerns associated with consumption of edible insects. NFS J 2020; 18: 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2019.11.002]
[10]
Tao J, Li YO. Edible insects as a means to address global malnutrition and food insecurity issues. Food Qual Saf 2018; 2(1): 17-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy001]
[11]
Raheem D, Raposo A, Oluwole OB, Nieuwland M, Saraiva A, Carrascosa C. Entomophagy: Nutritional, ecological, safety and legislation aspects. Food Res Int 2019; 126: 108672.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108672] [PMID: 31732082]
[12]
Payne CLR, Scarborough P, Rayner M, Nonaka K. Are edible insects more or less ‘healthy’ than commonly consumed meats? A comparison using two nutrient profiling models developed to combat over- and undernutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70(3): 285-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.149] [PMID: 26373961]
[13]
Halloran A, Muenke C, Vantomme P, van Huis A, van Huis A. Insects in the human food chain: global status and opportunities. Food Chain 2014; 4(2): 103-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2014.011]
[14]
Cappelli A, Cini E, Lorini C, Oliva N, Bonaccorsi G. Insects as food: A review on risks assessments of Tenebrionidae and Gryllidae in relation to a first machines and plants development. Food Control 2020; 108: 106877.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106877]
[15]
Giampieri F, Suarez AJM, Machì M, Cianciosi D, Hortal NMD, Battino M. Edible insects: A novel nutritious, functional, and safe food alternative. Food Front 2022; 3(3): 358-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fft2.167]
[16]
Doi H, Gałęcki R, Mulia RN. The merits of entomophagy in the post COVID-19 world. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 110: 849.
[17]
Mulia RN, Doi H. Global simulation of insect meat production under climate change. Front Sustain Food Syst 2019; 3: 91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00091]
[18]
Berggren Å, Jansson A, Low M. Approaching ecological sustainability in the emerging insects-as-food industry. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34(2): 132-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.005] [PMID: 30655013]
[19]
Halloran A, Roos N, Eilenberg J, Cerutti A, Bruun S. Life cycle assessment of edible insects for food protein: A review. Agron Sustain Dev 2016; 36(4): 57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0392-8] [PMID: 32010238]
[20]
Sejian V, Bhatta R, Malik PK, et al. Livestock as sources of greenhouse gases and its significance to climate change. Greenhouse Gases. IntechOpen 2016.
[21]
Oonincx DGAB, van Itterbeeck J, Heetkamp MJW, van den Brand H, van Loon JJA, van Huis A. An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PLoS One 2010; 5(12): e14445.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014445] [PMID: 21206900]
[22]
Burek P, Satoh Y, Fischer G, Kahil MT, Scherzer A, Tramberend S. Water futures and solution - fast track initiative (final report). Report No: WP-16-006 2016.
[23]
Boretti A, Rosa L. Reassessing the projections of the world water development report. Npj Clean Water 2019; 2: 1-6.
[24]
Bao HXH, Song Y. Improving food security through entomophagy: Can behavioural interventions influence consumer preference for edible insects? Sustainability 2022; 14: 3875.
[25]
Mason JB, Black R, Booth SL, et al. Fostering strategies to expand the consumption of edible insects: The value of a tripartite coalition between academia, industry, and government. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2(8): nzy056.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy056] [PMID: 30140788]
[26]
Nowakowski AC, Miller AC, Miller ME, Xiao H, Wu X. Potential health benefits of edible insects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62: 3499.3508
[27]
Banjo A, Lawal O, Songonuga E. The nutritional value of fourteen species of edible insects in southwestern Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 2016; 5: 298-301.
[28]
Venne CTA, Pinckaers PJM, van Loon JJA, van Loon LJC. Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption. Nutr Rev 2017; 75(12): 1035-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux057] [PMID: 29202184]
[29]
Dobermann D, Swift JA, Field LM. Opportunities and hurdles of edible insects for food and feed. Nutr Bull 2017; 42(4): 293-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12291]
[30]
von Hackewitz L. The house cricket Acheta domesticus, a potential source of protein for human consumption. FAFNR 2018; 2018: 17.
[31]
Kinyuru JN, Mogendi JB, Riwa CA, Ndung’u NW. Edible insects—A novel source of essential nutrients for human diet: Learning from traditional knowledge. Anim Front 2015; 5: 14-9.
[32]
Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhou S, Duan H, Guo J, Yan W. Nutritional composition, health benefits, and application value of edible insects: A review. Foods 2022; 11: 3961.
[33]
Ghosh S, Lee SM, Jung C, Rochow MVB. Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea. J Asia Pac Entomol 2017; 20(2): 686-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2017.04.003]
[34]
Roos N. Insects and human nutrition. Edible Insects in Sustainable Food Systems. Springer 2018; pp. 83-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74011-9_5]
[35]
Magara HJO, Niassy S, Ayieko MA, Mukundamago M, Egonyu JP, Tanga CM. Edible crickets (Orthoptera) around the world: Distribution, nutritional value, and other benefits—A review. Front Nutr 2021; 7: 537915.
[36]
Voelker R. Can insects compete with beef, poultry as nutritional powerhouses? JAMA 2019; 321(5): 439-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.20747] [PMID: 30649155]
[37]
Gumul D, Oracz J, Kowalski S, et al. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant composition of nut bars with addition of various edible insect flours. Molecules 2023; 28(8): 3556.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083556] [PMID: 37110790]
[38]
Qian L, Deng P, Chen F, Cao Y, Sun H, Liao H. The exploration and utilization of functional substances in edible insects: A review. Food Prod Process Nutr 2022; 4: 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43014-022-00090-4]
[39]
Paoletti MG, Norberto L, Damini R, Musumeci S. Human gastric juice contains chitinase that can degrade chitin. Ann Nutr Metab 2007; 51(3): 244-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000104144] [PMID: 17587796]
[40]
Muzzarelli RAA, Boudrant J, Meyer D, Manno N, DeMarchis M, Paoletti MG. Current views on fungal chitin/chitosan, human chitinases, food preservation, glucans, pectins and inulin: A tribute to Henri Braconnot, precursor of the carbohydrate polymers science, on the chitin bicentennial. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87(2): 995-1012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.063]
[41]
Finke MD. Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects. Zoo Biol 2007; 26(2): 105-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20123] [PMID: 19360565]
[42]
Schmidt A, Call LM, Macheiner L, Mayer HK. Determination of vitamin B12 in four edible insect species by immunoaffinity and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2019; 281: 124-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.039] [PMID: 30658738]
[43]
Rumpold BA, Schlüter O. Insect-based protein sources and their potential for human consumption: Nutritional composition and processing. Anim Front 2015; 5: 20-4.
[44]
Montowska M, Kowalczewski PŁ, Rybicka I, Fornal E. Nutritional value, protein and peptide composition of edible cricket powders. Food Chem 2019; 289: 130-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.062] [PMID: 30955594]
[45]
Van Huis A. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu Rev Entomol 2013; 58: 563-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153704]
[46]
Han R, Shin JT, Kim J, Choi YS, Kim YW. An overview of the South Korean edible insect food industry: Challenges and future pricing/promotion strategies. Entomol Res 2017; 47(3): 141-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12230]
[47]
PARTY BUGS SHOP. Available from: https://shop.partybugs.com/en/
[48]
Bugvita. Available from: https://www.bugvita.com/shop
[49]
All Edible Insect Products – Eat Crawlers. Available from: https://eatcrawlers.co.nz/collections/edible-insects
[50]
Thailand unique. Available from: https://www.thailandunique.com/
[51]
Elorduy RBJ. The importance of edible insects in the nutrition and economy of people of the rural areas of Mexico. Ecol Food Nutr 2010; 36(5): 347-66.
[52]
Mutungi C, Irungu FG, Nduko J, et al. Postharvest processes of edible insects in Africa: A review of processing methods, and the implications for nutrition, safety and new products development. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59(2): 276-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1365330] [PMID: 28853909]
[53]
Netshifhefhe SR, Kunjeku EC, Duncan FD. Human uses and indigenous knowledge of edible termites in vhembe district, limpopo province, South Africa. S Afr J Sci 2018; 114(1/2): 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/20170145]
[54]
Mmari MW, Kinyuru JN, Laswai HS, Okoth JK. Traditions, beliefs and indigenous technologies in connection with the edible longhorn grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville 1838) in Tanzania. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2017; 13(1): 60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0191-6] [PMID: 29132398]
[55]
Lautenschläger T, Neinhuis C, Monizi M, Mandombe JL, Förster A, Henle T. Edible insects of Northern Angola. Afr Invertebrat 2017; 58(2): 55-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.58.21083]
[56]
Ghosh S, Jung C, Meyer-Rochow VB, Dekebo A. Perception of entomophagy by residents of Korea and Ethiopia revealed through structured questionnaire. J Insects Food Feed 2020; 6(1): 59-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2019.0013]
[57]
Halloran A, Flore R, Vantomme P, Roos N. Edible Insects in Sustainable Food Systems. Springer 2018; pp. 1-479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74011-9]
[58]
Mishyna M, Martinez JJI, Chen J, Benjamin O. Extraction, characterization and functional properties of soluble proteins from edible grasshopper (Schistocerca gregaria) and honey bee (Apis mellifera). Food Res Int 2019; 116: 697-706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.098] [PMID: 30716997]
[59]
Purschke B, Meinlschmidt P, Horn C, Rieder O, Jäger H. Improvement of techno-functional properties of edible insect protein from migratory locust by enzymatic hydrolysis. Eur Food Res Technol 2018; 244(6): 999-1013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-017-3017-9]
[60]
Azzollini D, Derossi A, Fogliano V, Lakemond CMM, Severini C. Effects of formulation and process conditions on microstructure, texture and digestibility of extruded insect-riched snacks. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2018; 45: 344-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.11.017]
[61]
Lalanne MG, Álvarez HAJ, Castro SA. Edible insects processing: Traditional and innovative technologies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18(4): 1166-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12463] [PMID: 33336989]
[62]
Haber M, Mishyna M, Martinez JJI, Benjamin O. The influence of grasshopper (Schistocerca gregaria) powder enrichment on bread nutritional and sensorial properties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019; 115: 108395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108395]
[63]
Osimani A, Milanović V, Cardinali F, et al. Bread enriched with cricket powder (Acheta domesticus): A technological, microbiological and nutritional evaluation. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2018; 48: 150-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2018.06.007]
[64]
Nissen L, Samaei SP, Babini E, Gianotti A. Gluten free sourdough bread enriched with cricket flour for protein fortification: Antioxidant improvement and Volatilome characterization. Food Chem 2020; 333: 127410.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127410] [PMID: 32682227]
[65]
Biró B, Fodor R, Szedljak I, Huszár PK, Gere A. Buckwheat-pasta enriched with silkworm powder: Technological analysis and sensory evaluation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019; 116: 108542.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108542]
[66]
Kim HW, Setyabrata D, Lee Y, Jones OG, Kim YHB. Effect of house cricket ( Acheta domesticus ) flour addition on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion under various formulations. J Food Sci 2017; 82(12): 2787-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13960] [PMID: 29095501]
[67]
Olivadese M, Dindo ML. Edible insects: A historical and cultural perspective on entomophagy with a focus on western societies. Insects 2023; 14: 690.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14080690]
[68]
Baró RM, Agustench CP, Rizzolo DDA, Bayer BL, Acosta AF, Martínez AA. Edible insect consumption for human and planetary health: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 11653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811653]
[69]
Hlongwane ZT, Slotow R, Munyai TC. Indigenous knowledge about consumption of edible insects in South Africa. Insects 2021; 12: 1-19.
[70]
Castro M, Chambers E IV. Willingness to eat an insect based product and impact on brand equity: A global perspective. J Sens Stud 2019; 34(2): e12486.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joss.12486]
[71]
Marquis D, Ethier HL, LeBel J. Edible insect marketing in Western countries: Wisely weighing the foodstuff, the foodie, and the foodscape. J Insects Food Feed 2020; 6(4): 341-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2018.0037]
[72]
Li M, Mao C, Li X, Jiang L, Zhang W, Li M. Edible insects: A new sustainable nutritional resource worth promoting. Foods 2023; 12: 4073.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12224073]
[73]
Szczepanski L, Dupont J, Schade F, Hellberg H, Büscher M, Fiebelkorn F. Effectiveness of a teaching unit on the willingness to consume insect-based food – An intervention study with adolescents from Germany. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 889805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.889805] [PMID: 36276833]
[74]
Puteri B, Jahnke B, Zander K. Booming the bugs: How can marketing help increase consumer acceptance of insect-based food in Western countries? Appetite 2023; 187: 106594.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106594] [PMID: 37178930]
[75]
Alhujaili A, Nocella G, Macready A. Insects as food: Consumers’ acceptance and marketing. Foods 2023; 12(4): 886.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12040886] [PMID: 36832961]
[76]
van Huis A, Rumpold B. Strategies to convince consumers to eat insects? A review. Food Qual Prefer 2023; 110: 104927.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104927]
[77]
Stull VJ, Finer E, Bergmans RS, et al. Impact of edible cricket consumption on gut microbiota in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 10762.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29032-2] [PMID: 30018370]
[78]
Liaqat F, Eltem R. Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: A comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 184: 243-59. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29352917/
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.067] [PMID: 29352917]
[79]
Islam MM, Yang CJ. Efficacy of mealworm and super mealworm larvae probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics challenged orally with Salmonella and E. coli infection in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2017; 96(1): 27-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew220] [PMID: 27520069]
[80]
Marono S, Loponte R, Lombardi P, et al. Productive performance and blood profiles of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal as total replacement of soybean meal from 24 to 45 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2017; 96(6): 1783-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew461] [PMID: 28339710]
[81]
Xia Z, Chen J, Wu S. Hypolipidemic activity of the chitooligosaccharides from Clanis bilineata (Lepidoptera), an edible insect. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59: 96-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.017] [PMID: 23591472]
[82]
Mentang F, Maita M, Ushio H, Ohshima T. Efficacy of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) chrysalis oil as a lipid source in adult Wistar rats. Food Chem 2011; 127(3): 899-904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.045] [PMID: 25214076]
[83]
Ahn MY, Kim BJ, Kim HJ, Jin JM, Yoon HJ, Hwang JS. Glycosaminoglycan derived from field cricket and its inhibition activity of diabetes based on anti-oxidative action. 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints201903.0136.v1]
[84]
Seo M, Goo TW, Chung MY, Baek M, Hwang JS, Kim MA. Tenebrio molitor larvae inhibit adipogenesis through AMPK and MAPKs signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18: 518.
[85]
Seo M, Kim J, Moon SS, Hwang JS, Kim MA. Intraventricular administration of Tenebrio molitor larvae extract regulates food intake and body weight in mice with high-fat diet–induced obesity. Nutr Res 2017; 44: 18-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.011] [PMID: 28821314]
[86]
Chung MY, Yoon Y-I, Hwang JS, Goo TW, Yun EY. Anti-obesity effect ofA llomyrina dichotoma ( A rthropoda: I nsecta) larvae ethanol extract on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Entomol Res 2014; 44(1): 9-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12044]
[87]
Ahn MY, Hwang JS, Kim MJ, Park KK. Antilipidemic effects and gene expression profiling of the glycosaminoglycans from cricket in rats on a high fat diet. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39(7): 926-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-016-0749-1] [PMID: 27138285]
[88]
Borrelli L, Coretti L, Dipineto L, et al. Insect-based diet, a promising nutritional source, modulates gut microbiota composition and SCFAs production in laying hens. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 16269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16560-6] [PMID: 29176587]
[89]
Zielińska E, Baraniak B, Karaś M. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydrolysates and peptide fractions obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of selected heat-treated edible insects. Nutrients 2017; 9: 970.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9090970]
[90]
Messina CM, Gaglio R, Morghese M, Tolone M, Arena R, Moschetti G. Microbiological profile and bioactive properties of insect powders used in food and feed formulations. Foods 2019; 8: 400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090400]
[91]
Di Mattia C, Battista N, Sacchetti G, Serafini M. Antioxidant activities in vitro of water and liposoluble extracts obtained by different species of edible insects and invertebrates. Front Nutr 2019; 6: 106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00106] [PMID: 31380385]
[92]
Spranghers T, Michiels J, Vrancx J, et al. Gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens L.) prepupae for weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018; 235: 33-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.012]
[93]
Ahn MY, Ryu KS, Lee YW, Kim YS. Cytotoxicity and L-amino acid oxidase activity of crude insect drugs. Arch Pharmacal Res 2000; 23: 5.
[94]
Ji YJ, Liu HN, Kong XF, et al. Use of insect powder as a source of dietary protein in early-weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94(S3): 111-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9555]
[95]
Hong KS, Yun SM, Cho JM, et al. Silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) powder supplementation alleviates alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. J Funct Foods 2018; 43: 29-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.018]
[96]
Raheem D, Carrascosa C, Oluwole OB, Nieuwland M, Saraiva A, Millán R. Traditional consumption of and rearing edible insects in Africa, Asia and Europe. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59: 2169-88.
[97]
Liceaga AM. Edible insects, a valuable protein source from ancient to modern times. Adv Food Nutr Res 2022; 101: 129-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.04.002] [PMID: 35940702]
[98]
Pérez-Lloréns JL. Entomogastronomy, a step beyond just eating insects. Insects as Food and Food Ingredients Technological Improvements Sustainability and Safety Aspects. Academic Press 2024; pp. 191-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95594-2.00005-7]
[99]
Halloran A, Vantomme P, Hanboonsong Y, Ekesi S. Regulating edible insects: The challenge of addressing food security, nature conservation, and the erosion of traditional food culture. Food Secur 2015; 7(3): 739-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0463-8]
[100]
Richter Reis F. Blanching in the food industry. Thermal processing of food products by steam and hot Water: Unit operations and processing equipment in the food industry. Elsevier 2023; pp. 211-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818616-9.00007-9]
[101]
Ojha S, Bußler S, Psarianos M, Rossi G, Schlüter OK. Edible insect processing pathways and implementation of emerging technologies. J Insects Food Feed 2021; 7: 877-900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2020.0121]
[102]
Menozzi D, Sogari G, Veneziani M, Simoni E, Mora C. Eating novel foods: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to predict the consumption of an insect-based product. Food Qual Prefer 2017; 59: 27-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.02.001]
[103]
Fombong FT, Van Der Borght M, Broeck VJ. Influence of freeze-drying and oven-drying post blanching on the nutrient composition of the edible insect ruspolia differens. Insects 2017; 8: 102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects8030102]
[104]
Ssepuuya G, Aringo RO, Mukisa IM, Nakimbugwe D. Effect of processing, packaging and storage-temperature based hurdles on the shelf stability of sautéed ready-to-eat Ruspolia nitidula. J Insects Food Feed 2016; 2(4): 245-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0006]
[105]
Kamau E, Mutungi C, Kinyuru J, et al. Moisture adsorption properties and shelf-life estimation of dried and pulverised edible house cricket Acheta domesticus (L.) and black soldier fly larvae Hermetia illucens (L.). Food Res Int 2018; 106: 420-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.012] [PMID: 29579943]
[106]
van der Klerx FHJ, Camenzuli L, Belluco S, Meijer N, Ricci A. Food safety issues related to uses of insects for feeds and foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17(5): 1172-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12385] [PMID: 33350154]
[107]
de Gier S, Verhoeckx K. Insect (food) allergy and allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100: 82-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.015] [PMID: 29731166]
[108]
Poma G, Cuykx M, Amato E, Calaprice C, Focant JF, Covaci A. Evaluation of hazardous chemicals in edible insects and insect-based food intended for human consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100: 70-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.006] [PMID: 28007452]
[109]
Ssepuuya G, Wynants E, Verreth C, et al. Microbial characterisation of the edible grasshopper Ruspolia differens in raw condition after wild-harvesting in Uganda. Food Microbiol 2019; 77: 106-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.09.005] [PMID: 30297041]
[110]
Wynants E, Crauwels S, Lievens B, et al. Effect of post-harvest starvation and rinsing on the microbial numbers and the bacterial community composition of mealworm larvae ( Tenebrio molitor ). Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2017; 42: 8-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.06.004]
[111]
Guan Y, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Aflatoxin detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxins 2021; 13: 46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010046]
[112]
Gałęcki R, Sokół R. A parasitological evaluation of edible insects and their role in the transmission of parasitic diseases to humans and animals. PLoS One 2019; 14(7): e0219303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219303] [PMID: 31283777]
[113]
Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the european parliament and of the council. OJEU 2015; 2015: 1-22.
[114]
Mancini S, Moruzzo R, Riccioli F, Paci G. European consumers’ readiness to adopt insects as food. A review. Food Res Int 2019; 122: 661-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.041] [PMID: 31229126]
[115]
Okyere AA. Food safety management of insect-based foods. Food Safety Management. 2023; pp. 223-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820013-1.00036-X]
[116]
Marone PA. Food safety and regulatory concerns. Insects as Sustainable Food Ingredients Production, Processing and Food Applications. Academic Press 2016; pp. 203-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802856-8.00007-7]
[117]
Żuk-Gołaszewska K, Gałęcki R, Obremski K, Smetana S, Figiel S, Gołaszewski J. Edible insect farming in the context of the EU regulations and marketing—An overview. Insects 2022; 13(5): 446.
[118]
Jo YH, Lee JW. Insect feed for animals under the H azard A nalysis and C ritical C ontrol P oints ( HACCP ) regulations. Entomol Res 2016; 46(1): 2-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12157]
[119]
Delgado L, Garino C, Moreno FJ, Zagon J, Broll H. Sustainable food systems: EU regulatory framework and contribution of insects to the farm-to-fork strategy. Food Rev Int 2023; 39(9): 6955-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2022.2130354]
[120]
Mwangi MN, Oonincx DGAB, Hummel M, et al. Absorption of iron from edible house crickets: A randomized crossover stable-isotope study in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116(4): 1146-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac223] [PMID: 36026477]
[121]
Vangsoe MT, Thogersen R, Bertram HC, Heckmann LHL, Hansen M. Ingestion of insect protein isolate enhances blood amino acid concentrations similar to soy protein in a human trial. Nutrients 2018; 10: 1357.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101357]
[122]
Vangsoe MT, Joergensen MS, Heckmann LHL, Hansen M. Effects of insect protein supplementation during resistance training on changes in muscle mass and strength in young men. Nutrients 2018; 10: 335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030335]
[123]
Bauserman M, Lokangaka A, Gado J, et al. A cluster-randomized trial determining the efficacy of caterpillar cereal as a locally available and sustainable complementary food to prevent stunting and anaemia. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18(10): 1785-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014003334] [PMID: 25631295]
[124]
Ahn MY, Kim BJ, Kim HJ, et al. Anti-cancer effect of dung beetle glycosaminoglycans on melanoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19(1): 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-5202-z] [PMID: 30611221]
[125]
Wu S, Lu M, Wang S. Antiageing activities of water-soluble chitosan from Clanis bilineata larvae. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102: 376-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.038] [PMID: 28412336]
[126]
Bergmans RS, Nikodemova M, Stull VJ, Rapp A, Malecki KMC. Comparison of cricket diet with peanut-based and milk-based diets in the recovery from protein malnutrition in mice and the impact on growth, metabolism and immune function. PLoS One 2020; 15(6): e0234559.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234559] [PMID: 32525953]
[127]
Hwang J, Hwang UW. Beneficial effects of fermented cricket powder as a hair growth promoting agent in a mice model. J Life Sci 2022; 32: 196-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2022.32.3.196]
[128]
Lee JH, Jo YY, Kim KY, Kweon H. Effects of silkworm and its by-products on muscle mass and exercise performance in ICR mice. Int J Ind Entomol 2019; 39: 34-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2019.39.1.34]
[129]
Mantey AA, Lutterodt HE, Twumasi P, Annan RA. Effect of 12 weeks consumption of palm weevil larvae and orange-fleshed sweet potato fortified biscuit on nutritional status and cognitive performance of school children in Kumasi, Ghana. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev 2022; 22(113): 21397-417.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.113.21620]
[130]
Pessina F, Frosini M, Marcolongo P, et al. Antihypertensive, cardio- and neuro-protective effects of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) defatted larvae in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2020; 15(5): e0233788.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233788] [PMID: 32470081]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy