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Current Hypertension Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 1573-4021
ISSN (Online): 1875-6506

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Review Article

Targeting Hypertension: A Review on Pathophysiological Factors and Treatment Strategies

In Press, (this is not the final "Version of Record"). Available online 20 March, 2024
Author(s): Ruhani Raj, Minakshi Garg and Anupreet Kaur*
Published on: 20 March, 2024

DOI: 10.2174/0115734021293403240309165336

Price: $95

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the primary causes of cardiovascular diseases and death, with a higher prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. The pathophysiology of hypertension remains complex, with 2% to 5% of patients having underlying renal or adrenal disorders. The rest are referred to as essential hypertension, with derangements in various physiological mechanisms potentially contributing to the development of essential hypertension. Hypertension elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) and mortality. First-line therapy for hypertension is lifestyle change, which includes weight loss, a balanced diet that includes low salt and high potassium intake, physical exercise, and limitation or elimination of alcohol use. Blood pressure-lowering effects of individual lifestyle components are partially additive, enhancing the efficacy of pharmaceutical treatment. The choice to begin antihypertensive medication should be based on the level of blood pressure and the existence of a high atherosclerotic CVD risk. First-line hypertension treatment includes a thiazide or thiazide-like diuretic, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, and a calcium channel blocker. Addressing hypertension will require continued efforts to improve access to diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle interventions.

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