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ISSN (Print): 1574-8871
ISSN (Online): 1876-1038

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Systematic Review Article

Primary Paraganglioma of the Prostate: A Systematic Review of the Literature for A Rare Entity

Author(s): Ilias Giannakodimos*, Afroditi Ziogou, Alexios Giannakodimos, Evangelia Mitakidi, Konstantinos Tzelepis, Evangelos Fragkiadis and Nikolaos Charalampakis

Volume 19, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 16 February, 2024

Page: [189 - 195] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/0115748871293735240209052044

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Paragangliomas of the urinary tract are exceptionally uncommon, and sporadic case reports of primary paraganglioma of the prostate have been reported in the literature.

Methods: Systematic research in PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases concerning primary prostatic paraganglioma was performed by two independent investigators.

Results: This analysis included 25 adult males, with a mean age of 49.8 ± 22.4 years. 32% of included patients had a history of hypertension. Problems during urination (52%), blood loss (44%), either as hematuria or hemospermia, and catecholamine-related symptoms (36%) comprised the most frequently reported clinical manifestations. Digital rectal examination found a palpable nodule in 36% of patients, while prostatic specific antigen (PSA) was normal in all tested patients. Abdominal ultrasound (44%), computed tomography (44%) and magnetic resonance imaging (28%) helped to identify the primary lesion. 24-hour urine epinephrine, norepinephrine and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) levels were elevated in 90%, 80% and 90% of included patients. Open surgical excision of the mass was performed in 40%, transurethral resection in 8%, open radical prostatectomy in 24%, transurethral resection of the prostate in 16% and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in 4% of included patients.

Conclusion: Due to atypical clinical manifestation and scarcity of prostatic paraganglioma, urologists should be aware of this extremely rare entity.

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Graphical Abstract

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