Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current HIV Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-162X
ISSN (Online): 1873-4251

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Discordance of Aqueous/Plasma HIV Replication on ART

Author(s): Xin Che, Luoziyi Wang, Weimei Ma, Rui Wang and Zhiliang Wang*

Volume 22, Issue 1, 2024

Published on: 27 December, 2023

Page: [27 - 30] Pages: 4

DOI: 10.2174/011570162X268730231212112119

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: The study was conducted to analyze HIV dynamics across blood–retinal barrier (BRB) and the relevant risk factors for HIV-associated ocular complications.

Methods: This study included a case series of 40 HIV-positive patients with ocular lesions, which were studied retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory examinations included plasma and intraocular viral load (VL).

Results: HIV VL on paired aqueous/plasma samples was available for 40 patients. Aqueous VL was negatively associated with antiretroviral treatment (ART) duration (p = 0.02 and p < 0.05), and plasma VL was independent of ART duration (p = 0.53). An aqueous/plasma discordance was found in 19/40 (47.5%) patients, eight of whom (20%) had detectable aqueous VL despite a suppressed plasma VL (escape). There were significant differences in CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels (p = 0.011 and p < 0.05) and ART duration (p = 0.007 and p < 0.05) between the patients with HIV-associated ocular complications and the patients without.

Conclusion: This study provides a rationale for initiating ART early in the course of infection to reduce HIV VL in the aqueous humor, and raises the possibility of the ocular sanctuary where HIV replicates. Meanwhile, early and standard ART would be an optimal option to protect against ocular opportunistic infection.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Malik S, Valdebenito S, D’Amico D, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. HIV infection of astrocytes compromises inter-organelle interactions and inositol phosphate metabolism: A potential mechanism of bystander damage and viral reservoir survival. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 206: 102157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102157] [PMID: 34455020]
[2]
Pathanapitoon K, Riemens A, Kongyai N, et al. Intraocular and plasma HIV-1 RNA loads and HIV uveitis. AIDS 2011; 25(1): 81-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328340fe91] [PMID: 21099669]
[3]
Williams-Wietzikoski CA, So ID, Bull ME, et al. Genetic analyses of HIV env associated with uveitis in antiretroviral-naive individuals. AIDS 2017; 31(13): 1825-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001550] [PMID: 28591079]
[4]
Saini N, Hasija S, Kaur P, Kaur M, Pathania V, Singh A. Study of prevalence of ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2019; 11(1): 11-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v11i1.25411] [PMID: 31523061]
[5]
Ganekal S, Jhanji V, Dorairaj S, Nagarajappa A. Evaluation of ocular manifestations and blindness in HIV/AIDS patients in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012; 20(5): 336-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2012.699133] [PMID: 22775065]
[6]
Wang Z, Jia R, Ge S, et al. Ocular complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection in eastern china. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153(2): 363-369.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2011.07.018] [PMID: 21982101]
[7]
Fujikawa L, Salahuddin SZ, Palestine AG, Masur H, Nussenblatt RB, Gallo RC. Isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the tears of a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1985; 326(8454): 529-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90464-7] [PMID: 2412078]
[8]
Tervo T, Lähdevirta J, Vaheri A, Valle SL, Suni J. Recovery of HTLV-III from contact lenses. Lancet 1986; 327(8477): 379-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92339-1] [PMID: 2868313]
[9]
Han Y, Wu N, Zhu W, et al. Detection of HIV-1 viruses in tears of patients even under long-term HAART. AIDS 2011; 25(15): 1925-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834b3578] [PMID: 21811142]
[10]
Qian YW, Li C, Jiang AP, et al. HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein interacting with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) down-regulates tight junction proteins to disrupt the blood retinal barrier and increase its permeability. J Biol Chem 2016; 291(44): 22977-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.744615] [PMID: 27605665]
[11]
Che X, He F, Deng Y, et al. HIV-1 Tat-mediated apoptosis in human blood-retinal barrier-associated cells. PLoS One 2014; 9(4): e95420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095420] [PMID: 24739951]
[12]
Hsu WM, Chiou SH, Chen SSL, et al. The HIV RNA levels of plasma and ocular fluids in AIDS patients with ophthalmic infections. Ophthalmologica 2004; 218(5): 328-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000079475] [PMID: 15334014]
[13]
Díaz-Coránguez M, Ramos C, Antonetti DA. The inner blood-retinal barrier: Cellular basis and development. Vision Res 2017; 139: 123-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2017.05.009] [PMID: 28619516]
[14]
Romero-Vázquez S, Adán A, Figueras-Roca M, et al. Activation of C-reactive protein proinflammatory phenotype in the blood retinal barrier in vitro: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Aging 2020; 12(14): 13905-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.103655] [PMID: 32673285]
[15]
Pascual-Pasto G, Olaciregui NG, Opezzo JAW, et al. Increased delivery of chemotherapy to the vitreous by inhibition of the blood-retinal barrier. J Control Release 2017; 264: 34-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.018] [PMID: 28830790]
[16]
Livelli A, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, et al. Correlates of HIV RNA concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet HIV 2019; 6(7): e456-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30143-2] [PMID: 31208949]
[17]
Van de Wijer L, van der Heijden WA, Horst R, et al. The architecture of circulating immune cells is dysregulated in people living with hiv on long term antiretroviral treatment and relates with markers of the hiv-1 reservoir, cytomegalovirus, and microbial translocation. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 661990.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.661990] [PMID: 33953724]
[18]
Tortajada C, Garcia F, Plana M, et al. Comparison of T-cell subsets’ reconstitution after 12 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiated during early versus advanced states of HIV disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 25(4): 296-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200012010-00002] [PMID: 11114829]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy