Note! Please note that this article is currently in the "Article in Press" stage and is not the final "Version of record". While it has been accepted, copy-edited, and formatted, however, it is still undergoing proofreading and corrections by the authors. Therefore, the text may still change before the final publication. Although "Articles in Press" may not have all bibliographic details available, the DOI and the year of online publication can still be used to cite them. The article title, DOI, publication year, and author(s) should all be included in the citation format. Once the final "Version of record" becomes available the "Article in Press" will be replaced by that.
Abstract
Introduction: With the sudden onset of COVID 19, many organisations introduced a mandatory relocation of workforce from their workplace to their homes bringing in a work from home policy for their employees. The purpose of the study is to examine the positive and negative impact on quality of life of teleworking, thereby assessing the prevalence of psychological distress of employees working in COVID 19.
Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on Indian - representative survey of selfreported data through an online questionnaire of work from home employees and their responses were analysed using SPSS software.
Results: The study findings revealed that out of 2943 total respondents to the questionnaires, 18.9% and 20.2% had agreed and strongly agreed respectively to the statement that, work from home was a chance to break old habits and change routine. The mean positive affect score among those affected with COVID was 20.82 ± 3.71 and for those not affected with COVID was 21.12 ± 3.71.
Conclusion: The results indicate age disparities in mental distress, perceived adversities highlighted the discrepancies differed by the area of residence and those affected by the corona virus.
[1]
Di Martino V, Wirth L. Telework: A new way of working and living. Int Labour Rev 1990; 129: 529-54.
[2]
Bailey DE, Kurland NB. A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. J Organ Behav 2002; 23(4): 383-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.144]
[3]
Harker Martin B, MacDonnell R. Is telework effective for organizations? Manag Res Rev 2012; 35(7): 602-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01409171211238820]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01409171211238820]
[4]
Moens E, Lippens L, Sterkens P, Weytjens J, Baert S. The COVID-19 crisis and telework: A research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. Eur J Health Econ 2022; 23(4): 729-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01392-z] [PMID: 34761337]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01392-z] [PMID: 34761337]
[5]
Steidelmüller C, Meyer SC, Müller G. Home-based telework and presenteeism across Europe. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 62(12): 998-1005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001992] [PMID: 32796258]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001992] [PMID: 32796258]
[6]
Shamir B, Salomon I. Work-at-Home and the quality of working life. Acad Manage Rev 1985; 10(3): 455-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/258127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/258127]
[7]
Furuichi W, Shimura A, Miyama H, et al. Effects of job stressors, stress response, and sleep disturbance on presenteeism in office workers. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16: 1827-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S258508] [PMID: 32801717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S258508] [PMID: 32801717]
[8]
Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health 2020; 16(1): 57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w] [PMID: 32631403]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w] [PMID: 32631403]
[9]
Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet 2020; 395(10224): e37-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3] [PMID: 32043982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3] [PMID: 32043982]
[10]
Fiorillo A, Gorwood P. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63(1): e32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35] [PMID: 32234102]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35] [PMID: 32234102]
[11]
Pierce M, Hope H, Ford T, et al. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(10): 883-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4] [PMID: 32707037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4] [PMID: 32707037]
[12]
Essadek A, Rabeyron T. Mental health of french students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord 2020; 277: 392-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.042] [PMID: 32861840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.042] [PMID: 32861840]
[13]
Pedersen MT, Andersen TO, Clotworthy A, et al. Time trends in mental health indicators during the initial 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22(1): 25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03655-8] [PMID: 35012486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03655-8] [PMID: 35012486]
[14]
Andersen LH, Fallesen P, Bruckner TA. Risk of stress/depression and functional impairment in Denmark immediately following a COVID-19 shutdown. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 1-11.
[15]
Sun Y, Wu Y, Fan S, et al. Comparison of mental health symptoms before and during the covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 134 cohorts. BMJ 2023; 380: e074224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-074224] [PMID: 36889797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-074224] [PMID: 36889797]
[16]
Cohen M, Baziliansky S, Beny A. The association of resilience and age in individuals with colorectal cancer: An exploratory cross-sectional study. J Geriatr Oncol 2014; 5(1): 33-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2013.07.009] [PMID: 24484716]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2013.07.009] [PMID: 24484716]
[17]
Hinz A, Krauss O, Stolzenburg JU, Schwalenberg T, Michalski D, Schwarz R. Anxiety and depression in patients with prostate cancer and other urogenital cancer: A longitudinal study. Urol Oncol 2009; 27(4): 367-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.02.003] [PMID: 18440838]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.02.003] [PMID: 18440838]
[18]
Hopwood P, Sumo G, Mills J, Haviland J, Bliss JM. The course of anxiety and depression over 5 years of follow-up and risk factors in women with early breast cancer: Results from the UK Standardisation of Radiotherapy Trials (START). Breast 2010; 19(2): 84-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2009.11.007] [PMID: 20042336]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2009.11.007] [PMID: 20042336]
[19]
McCleskey J, Gruda D. Risk-taking, resilience, and state anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A coming of (old) age story. Pers Individ Dif 2021; 170: 110485.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110485]
[20]
Varma P, Junge M, Meaklim H, Jackson ML. Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109: 110236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236] [PMID: 33373680]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236] [PMID: 33373680]
[21]
Jung SJ, Yang JS, Jeon YJ, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on psychological health in Korea: A mental health survey in community prospective cohort data. SSRN
[22]
McGinty EE, Presskreischer R, Han H, Barry CL. Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA 2020; 324(1): 93-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9740] [PMID: 32492088]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9740] [PMID: 32492088]
[23]
Rossell SL, Neill E, Phillipou A, et al. An overview of current mental health in the general population of Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the COLLATE project. Psychiatry Res 2021; 296: 113660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113660] [PMID: 33373808]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113660] [PMID: 33373808]
[24]
Arndt V, Merx H, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Brenner H. Restrictions in quality of life in colorectal cancer patients over three years after diagnosis: A population based study. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42(12): 1848-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.059] [PMID: 16829069]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.059] [PMID: 16829069]
[25]
Kornblith AB, Powell M, Regan MM, et al. Long-term psychosocial adjustment of older vs. younger survivors of breast and endometrial cancer. Psychooncology 2007; 16(10): 895-903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.1146] [PMID: 17245695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.1146] [PMID: 17245695]
[26]
Hess TM, Blanchard-Fields F. Sources of resilience in the aging self: Toward integrating perspectives.In: Social Cognition and Aging. Elsevier 1999; pp. 123-41.
[27]
Zach S, Zeev A, Ophir M, Eilat-Adar S. Physical activity, resilience, emotions, moods, and weight control of older adults during the COVID-19 global crisis. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18(1): 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00258-w] [PMID: 33648448]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00258-w] [PMID: 33648448]
[28]
Kowal M, Coll-Martín T, Ikizer G, et al. Who is the most stressed during the COVID-19 pandemic? Data from 26 countries and areas. Appl Psychol Health Well-Being 2020; 12(4): 946-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12234] [PMID: 32996217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12234] [PMID: 32996217]
[29]
Robb CE, de Jager CA, Ahmadi-Abhari S, et al. Associations of social isolation with anxiety and depression during the early COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of older adults in London, UK. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 591120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120] [PMID: 33132942]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120] [PMID: 33132942]
[30]
Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, Kluge U, Galea S, Heinz A. Cities and mental health. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017; 114(8): 121-7.
[PMID: 28302261]
[PMID: 28302261]
[31]
Breslau J, Marshall GN, Pincus HA, Brown RA. Are mental disorders more common in urban than rural areas of the United States? J Psychiatr Res 2014; 56: 50-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.004] [PMID: 24857610]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.004] [PMID: 24857610]
[32]
Ventimiglia I, Seedat S. Current evidence on urbanicity and the impact of neighbourhoods on anxiety and stress-related disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2019; 32(3): 248-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000496] [PMID: 30920971]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000496] [PMID: 30920971]
[33]
Bu F, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health 2020; 186: 31-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036] [PMID: 32768621]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036] [PMID: 32768621]
[34]
Hubbard G, Daas C, Johnston M, Murchie P, Thompson CW, Dixon D. Are rurality, area deprivation, access to outside space, and green space associated with mental health during the covid-19 pandemic? A cross sectional study (charis-e). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(8): 3869.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083869] [PMID: 33917067]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083869] [PMID: 33917067]
[35]
Robinson E, Sutin A R, Daly M, Jones A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021; 296: 567-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.04.21252921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.04.21252921]
[36]
Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(7): 611-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0] [PMID: 32437679]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0] [PMID: 32437679]
[37]
del Rio C, Collins LF, Malani P. Long-term health consequences of COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 324(17): 1723-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19719] [PMID: 33031513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19719] [PMID: 33031513]
[38]
Daly M, Robinson E. Acute and longer-term psychological distress associated with testing positive for COVID-19: Longitudinal evidence from a population-based study of US adults. Psychol Med 2021; 1-8.
[PMID: 34308807]
[PMID: 34308807]
