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Current Drug Research Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 2589-9775
ISSN (Online): 2589-9783

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Review Article

NOX-2 Inhibitors may be Potential Drug Candidates for the Management of COVID-19 Complications

Author(s): Bimalendu Chowdhury*, Biswa Mohan Sahoo, Akankshya Priyadarsani Jena, Korikana Hiramani, Amulyaratna Behera and Biswajeet Acharya

Volume 16, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 17 July, 2023

Page: [128 - 133] Pages: 6

DOI: 10.2174/2589977515666230706114812

Price: $65

Abstract

COVID-19 is an RNA virus that attacks the targeting organs, which express angiotensin- converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), such as the lungs, heart, renal system, and gastrointestinal tract. The virus that enters the cell by endocytosis triggers ROS production within the confines of endosomes via a NOX-2 containing NADPH-oxidase. Various isoforms of NADPH oxidase are expressed in airways and alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells, such as alveolar macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and Tlymphocytes. The key NOX isoform expressed in macrophages and neutrophils is the NOX-2 oxidase, whereas, in airways and alveolar epithelial cells, it appears to be NOX-1 and NOX-2. The respiratory RNA viruses induce NOX-2-mediated ROS production in the endosomes of alveolar macrophages. The mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase (NOX) generated ROS can enhance TGF-β signaling to promote fibrosis of the lungs. The endothelium-derived ROS and platelet-derived ROS, due to activation of the NADPH-oxidase enzyme, play a crucial role in platelet activation. It has been observed that NOX-2 is generally activated in COVID-19 patients. The post-COVID complications like pulmonary fibrosis and platelet aggregation may be due to the activation of NOX-2. NOX-2 inhibitors may be a useful drug candidate to prevent COVID-19 complications like pulmonary fibrosis and platelet aggregation.

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Graphical Abstract

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