Abstract
Because of its miscellaneous properties, developing less environmentally hazardous and trustworthy methodologies has become one of the most crucial steps toward synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) among researchers and scientists. In this direction, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs or SNPs) have gained much attention because of their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties, potential toxicity, and unusual physicochemical features. Concerning the toxicity of silver nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles may prove to be an essential tool against many drugresistant microorganisms and substitutes for antibiotics. However, the synthesis of AgNPs using conventional methods had a toxic impact and caused much damage to the ecosystem. Researchers have used various production techniques to prevent the adverse effects of toxic chemicals, including algae, bacteria, fungi, and plants. This review study has covered recent advancements in green synthetic methodologies for synthesizing AgNPs. This insight provides a comprehensive overview of key findings in the green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and attempts to focus on factors affecting their synthesis, characterization, applications, potential toxic impact on living organisms, merits/ demerits, and prospects.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr050943k] [PMID: 17564480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800131j] [PMID: 19206562]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la015578g]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2007.03.020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11458-006-0067-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.07.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0349031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.003] [PMID: 15178278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200601277] [PMID: 16791902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja029267j] [PMID: 14611213]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007] [PMID: 26843966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10715769509145649] [PMID: 7633567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33945/SAMI/ECC.2019.5.4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2019.07.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2019.100191]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2018.10.5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10040913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5372(18)30125-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.03.018] [PMID: 29604554]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.03.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.435]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00297] [PMID: 30581768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-017-1793-z] [PMID: 28597212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-017-0236-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-017-1164-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-017-1698-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-017-2065-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-017-0621-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.045] [PMID: 26478321]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.06.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2016.09.029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.05.172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.07.044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7361695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2019.1656224] [PMID: 31407925]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.101] [PMID: 30447360]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-017-0632-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.072] [PMID: 26952458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.059] [PMID: 30071481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.011] [PMID: 30710829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.02.078]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.018] [PMID: 26478284]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.04.007] [PMID: 32257879]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104194] [PMID: 31321276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1302-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64359-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2017.01.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-019-03842-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.039] [PMID: 30143172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2018.1444797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2016.06.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jart.2017.03.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2017.07.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40643-014-0003-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.03.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-013-0260-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.12.065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2013.09.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4077-4] [PMID: 25146645]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3718-3] [PMID: 24337613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2014.1787]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.058] [PMID: 24632169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0399-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-014-0082-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.01.027]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.10.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.022] [PMID: 25561298]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.015] [PMID: 26233711]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-015-0916-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.03.143]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4336-z] [PMID: 25653031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-015-0512-1] [PMID: 25805902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.008] [PMID: 25797527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.06.020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3560-x] [PMID: 25226837]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1086.11]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v7i2.p29-37]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/928204]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.033] [PMID: 25854504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep20414] [PMID: 26829907]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-016-0187-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-015-1523-3] [PMID: 26753832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0433-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-015-2199-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15724-8] [PMID: 29158537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2016.12.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aaabb2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.05.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1345921] [PMID: 28681662]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aac590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2017.11.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127889]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2020.100252]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111806] [PMID: 32044619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2019.2714] [PMID: 32267778]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-01181-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-020-02539-7] [PMID: 32300886]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01532-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01506-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2019.11.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/829894] [PMID: 24558336]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100349]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01959-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020487]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01304-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103081]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.931]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103193]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01775-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.012] [PMID: 33935565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60440-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.030] [PMID: 24632157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.019] [PMID: 25189525]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.045] [PMID: 25093965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69606-7] [PMID: 32732959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85584-w] [PMID: 33727607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.08.039] [PMID: 24268240]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.018] [PMID: 25174985]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v3i4.3358]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/846743] [PMID: 25685560]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4102196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.006] [PMID: 28053570]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2017.04.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ01335H]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12553-019-00378-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-019-00542-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.022] [PMID: 33424390]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01386-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00354-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S53546] [PMID: 24426782]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules19044624] [PMID: 24739926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.053] [PMID: 25842128]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.069] [PMID: 25492011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.11.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22205/sijbs/2015/v1/i2/100433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2015.10.004] [PMID: 28352579]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1070427215030271]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4148-9] [PMID: 25637241]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2020.1726504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111836] [PMID: 32172135]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.019] [PMID: 24486863]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.01.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/ijbch-2019-i2-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2020.1867152] [PMID: 33403879]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12247-014-9190-5]
[PMID: 24876776]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-015-0307-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.022] [PMID: 26478285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1354302] [PMID: 28720002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103955]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-013-0620-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.115] [PMID: 25459618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4556-2] [PMID: 26063530]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1860280] [PMID: 30046333]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40543-018-0163-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104172] [PMID: 32224208]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-015-0516-x] [PMID: 25805903]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.078] [PMID: 25022505]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2014.974057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-0291-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01369-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4505787]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2543-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747519820936511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.024] [PMID: 25147142]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.021] [PMID: 33100856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12668-020-00794-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2016.10.002] [PMID: 27857843]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2020.100276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2021.114123] [PMID: 33549546]