Abstract
A polymer is a macromolecule that has a significant number of repeating units. It is possible to modify the architecture of a polymer via grafting, bridging, mixing, or generating composites. There are several uses for using natural polymers in culinary and medicinal applications. Polymeric materials became appealing because of their low density and ability to incorporate properties of their constituent constituents. High-energy accelerated electrons from the plasma induce chemical bond breaking in the polymeric structure, resulting in the generation of macromolecule radicals and graft copolymerization. Polymer grafting has become an important aspect of the formulation development process. When polymer functional groups are changed, a wide variety of desirable and unwanted properties can be added or removed. It can be concluded from the findings of the literature survey that graft copolymers of polysaccharides have significant biomedical applications including drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
Keywords: Polysaccharide, tissue engineering, natural polymer, grafting, polymer modification, biomedical application.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B921358A] [PMID: 21107479]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.033] [PMID: 23178342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.023] [PMID: 22947448]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2014.02.005] [PMID: 26579373]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b00791] [PMID: 28221030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4905830] [PMID: 25612728]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma951138i]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200300050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20451g]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma010712p]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00018730210153216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma050644x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma800599m]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.3191781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211863] [PMID: 21960619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm00105b] [PMID: 24705637]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00140] [PMID: 35596311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00544]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00164a008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma000311u]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01415]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200390018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01171] [PMID: 30296828]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20010601)40:11<2004::AID-ANIE2004>3.0.CO;2-5] [PMID: 11433435]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02933-7] [PMID: 14678739]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2015.08.004] [PMID: 26315392]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.029] [PMID: 30243152]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.071] [PMID: 27742238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2016.1210125] [PMID: 27400283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.12524] [PMID: 25626467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.196305651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr200409f] [PMID: 23531040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73865-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2004.07.009] [PMID: 15763238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201000506]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.963]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma021159u]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1977.021780836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780585139401]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.06.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr940534g] [PMID: 11749397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00081a002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b01076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.01.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo01233a006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01027a056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.251.4996.905] [PMID: 17847384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr900045a] [PMID: 19845393]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b924392e]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/370634a0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.088799] [PMID: 17142292]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm2004912] [PMID: 21823600]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja973392r]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja001652q]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja981348l]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja984428y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9913966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma991733a]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2081636] [PMID: 21978360]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i1996-00347-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480600]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.257] [PMID: 21378870]
(b) Clough, R.L. High-energy radiation and polymers: a review of commercial processes and emerging applications. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section B. Sci. Res., 2001, 185, 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(02)00061-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390161]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm011065j]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma902042x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5PY00525F]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm4023634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma4001385]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02330]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2013.9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201800018] [PMID: 29575338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja402015s] [PMID: 23642094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am506026e] [PMID: 25347384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201603663] [PMID: 27265613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc43127d] [PMID: 23948765]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma048011q]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma051983t]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm703363w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2564] [PMID: 19881498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma302461h]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja038544z] [PMID: 14995155]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma034934u]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.22681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.048]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201500399]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11409] [PMID: 22955625]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20958]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1744]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm034387k] [PMID: 15003018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00532.x] [PMID: 5802875]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2013.04.002] [PMID: 23603210]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.072] [PMID: 23987417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.040] [PMID: 24333910]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(98)00284-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00201-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1672-2515(07)60235-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33269]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.43634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.048]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.02.004] [PMID: 24582659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.05.011] [PMID: 23751458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.087]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4949.1439] [PMID: 17791211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.08.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.012] [PMID: 16701938]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00482] [PMID: 29630346]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00582]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c05905] [PMID: 35557682]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym9040150] [PMID: 30970829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5NR08803H] [PMID: 26980404]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00275] [PMID: 29969244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00276] [PMID: 29684268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.069] [PMID: 29220802]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501810] [PMID: 26414302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(95)90932-R]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.44697]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201800355]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527342747.ch13]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201100162] [PMID: 21509848]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma400803j]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.23617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma062317a]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma402081h]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201400122] [PMID: 24753002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00599J] [PMID: 26477329]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0523816] [PMID: 16460092]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9015765] [PMID: 19496589]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02578]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mz400329j] [PMID: 35606976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma401244t]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma101922s]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cs200131g]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387772-7.00005-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.090] [PMID: 17640660]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma501488s]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200591]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.08.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b04992] [PMID: 26161727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.03.010] [PMID: 19395016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.04.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.03.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-013-0233-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00081-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)87280-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm00029a019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/12/009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la053270+] [PMID: 16700567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la8026946] [PMID: 19199718]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b800029h]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp051813i] [PMID: 16852925]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2005.12.020] [PMID: 16458499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2420786]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0509298] [PMID: 16316177]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2135392]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2004.03.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm33969b]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la060754c] [PMID: 16952262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la010908i]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la000736+]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0418.focus] [PMID: 19889692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0203436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat779] [PMID: 12618788]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01191965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2006.11.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100847] [PMID: 22432577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b804822n] [PMID: 19551170]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la303649u] [PMID: 23078244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-810462-0.00006-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.02.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9782-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.060] [PMID: 24333904]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.005] [PMID: 24472429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.032] [PMID: 22342353]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cptc.201800217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201900055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201900109] [PMID: 31087732]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.29395]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8PY01344F]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201800464] [PMID: 30091815]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201700589]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8PY00013A]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201700279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201609357] [PMID: 27874241]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(01)00054-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01864a025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.055] [PMID: 24750763]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390701537344] [PMID: 18568856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.03.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00338.x] [PMID: 15784166]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(08)70086-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.033] [PMID: 26805518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70058-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-013-0859-6] [PMID: 23820768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.049]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00027g] [PMID: 24999429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.016] [PMID: 15894370]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.112] [PMID: 26845481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.009] [PMID: 17884325]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.1993.41708]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.07.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.08.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2003.12.027]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10047-003-0232-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66735-9] [PMID: 15964449]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.03.002] [PMID: 20223267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5413.489] [PMID: 10205057]