Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-398X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6387

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Clinical Profile, Severity Pattern and Socio-demographic Risk Factors of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (ALRTI) in Children in Enugu, Nigeria

Author(s): Awoere Chinawa, Josephat Chinawa, Obinna Nduagubam, Bartholomew Chukwu*, Ikenna Nwokoye, Oge Amadi, Ikenna Ndu, Ann Aronu and Joy Eze

Volume 16, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [123 - 131] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1573398X16999200727172120

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: Acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) is a major public health problem that causes significant morbidity and mortality and is the main reason for utilization of health services among children.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile, severity pattern, and sociodemographic risk factors of ALRTI in hospitalized children under the age of five years in two tertiary hospitals in South East Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of children aged two months to five years in two teaching hospitals in the country. They were evaluated for ALRTI, focusing on their clinical profile and socio-demographic risk factors.

Results: Two hundred children presented with features of ALRTI, mostly pneumonias and bronchiolitis. ALRTI occurred throughout the year with a peak in October. The majority had severe disease and risk factors for severity were infancy, type of ALRTI, presence of comorbidity and lack of measles vaccination or vitamin A supplementation, and exposure to wood smoke. Fast breathing was the most sensitive symptom, while breathlessness was the most specific for ALRTI.

Conclusion: Bronchopneumonia and bronchiolitis are the most common ALRTI in under-five age children with bronchopneumonia occurring in severe forms. Poor breastfeeding, infancy, poor rate of immunization and exposure to biomass smoke are all risk factors for severity.

Keywords: Acute lower respiratory infections, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, severity score, socio-demographic risk factors, breathlessness.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
A programme for controlling acute respiratory infections in children: Memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 1984; 62(1): 47-58.
[PMID: 6609020]
[2]
Sikolia DN, Mwololo K, Cherop H. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections and the associated risk factors: A study of children under five years of age in Kibera Lindi Village, Nairobi, Kenya.J.Nal/. Inst Public Health 2002; 51(1): 67-72.
[3]
Kabra SK. Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) Control programGhai Essential Pediatrics. 5th ed. New Delhi: Interprint 2000; pp. 349-50.
[4]
Lal S. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases and Related National Health Programmes Textbook of Community Medicine 2 nd ed New Delhi: M/s CBS Publishers Distributons. 2011. p. 543
[5]
Park K. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases Park′s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 21 st ed Jabalpur: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers. 2011. p. 156
[6]
Mathew JL, Patwari AK, Gupta P, et al. Acute respiratory infection and pneumonia in India: a systematic review of literature for advocacy and action: UNICEF-PHFI series on newborn and child health, India. Indian Pediatr 2011; 48(3): 191-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-011-0051-8 ] [PMID: 21478555]
[7]
Goel K, Ahmad S, Agarwal G, Goel P. Vijay Kumar. A cross sectional study on prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in under-five children of Meerut district, India. J Community Med Health Educ 2012.91000176
[8]
Oyejide CD. Review of epidemiological risk factors affecting the pathogenesis of acute respiratory infections. Niger J Paediatr 1988; 15: 1-9.
[9]
Johnson AWBR. Acute respiratory infectionsPaediatrics and Child Health in Tropical Region. 2nd ed. Owerri African Educational Services 2007; pp. 396-425.
[10]
Ujunwa F, Ezeonu C. Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in under-five children in Enugu Southeast Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4(1): 95-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.126610 ] [PMID: 24669339]
[11]
Savitha MR, Nandeeshwara SB, Pradeep Kumar MJ. ul-Haque F, Raju CK. Modifiable risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J Pediatr 2007; 74(5): 477-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-007-0081-3 ] [PMID: 17526960]
[12]
Simoes EA, Rudan I, Gessner BD, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Zhang JS, et al. Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2013; 381: 1380-90.
[13]
Rodriguez H, Hartert TV, Gebretsadik T, Carroll KN, Larkin EK. A simple respiratory severity score that may be used in evaluation of acute respiratory infection. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9: 85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1899-4 ] [PMID: 26868120]
[14]
Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86(5): 408-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.048769 ] [PMID: 18545744]
[15]
DiBardino DM, Wunderink RG. Aspiration pneumonia: a review of modern trends. J Crit Care 2015; 30(1): 40-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.07.011 ] [PMID: 25129577]
[16]
Prober CG. PneumoniaNelson text book of pediatrics. 16th ed. London: WB Saunders 2000; pp. 761-5.
[17]
Lakhanpaul M, Atkinson M, Stephenson T. Community acquired pneumonia in children: A Clinical Update. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2004; 89: ep29-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.056192]
[18]
Vamsee KP, Naveen KB, Venu GS, Siva RK, Hilma BA. Clinical and aetiological profile of Pneumonia in age group between month to 1 year: a hospital based prospective study. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2019; 6(4): 1718-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20192783]
[19]
Joshi PC, Angdembe MR, Das SK, Ahmed S, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J 2014; 9: 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-9-7 ] [PMID: 24904683]
[20]
Mishra V. Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory illness in preschool age children in Zimbabwe. Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32(5): 847-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg240 ] [PMID: 14559763]
[21]
Mishra M, Smith KR, Retherford RD. Effect of cooking smoke and environmental tobacco smoke on acute respiratory infections in young Indian children. Popul Environ 2005; 26(5): 375-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-005-0005-y]
[22]
Oahn NTK, Reuntergardh LB, Dung NT. Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from domestic combustion of selected fuels. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 33(16): 2703-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980853f]
[23]
Johnson AW. Acute respiratory infections Owerri, African educational services. 2007. p. 396
[24]
Gadamoski: predictors of severity pattern of lower respiratory tract infection, the indicators that best defines severity http/www.ncbi.nih.gov/books/br.fcgi?rid=2019
[25]
Chinawa JM, Aniwada EC, Ugwunna NC, Eze JN, Ndu Ikenna K, Obidike EO. Pattern and prevalence of common pediatric illnesses presenting in a private hospital in Onitsha, south east Nigeria: A comparative analysis. Curr Pediatr Res 2018; 22: 88-94.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
8
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy