Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4064
ISSN (Online): 1875-6638

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Phytochemical Screening, Cytotoxicity and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Leaf Extracts from Lawsonia inermis of Indian Origin to Explore their Potential for Medicinal Uses

Author(s): Anju Manuja*, Nitu Rathore, Shalki Choudhary and Balvinder Kumar

Volume 17, Issue 6, 2021

Published on: 21 February, 2020

Page: [576 - 586] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200221101953

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Lawsonia inermis Linn popularly known as Henna, plays an important role in ayurvedic or natural herbal medicines. The presence of phytoconstituents in henna, that may affect the animal or human health adversely, needs to be elucidated for L. inermis Linn species grown in India.

Introduction: The aim of this research was to perform phytochemical screening, and study cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities to understand the potential of leaves of Lawsonia inermis of Indian origin to provide a way forward for therapeutic use in medicine.

Methods: We assessed the phytochemical profile for the presence of phytoconstituents (alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, proteins/amino acids and gums/mucilage) in various extracts of the plant leaves. The extracts were further purified by column chromatography for the isolation of plant constituents and monitored by TLC, analyzed by Fourier transform infrared FT-IR spectroscopy, H1NMR, and GC-MS analysis. Fractions were assessed for cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties at various concentrations. We assessed the anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide production in various leaf extracts determined by Griess assay.

Results: All the spectral results suggest that the compounds from the extract contain an aromatic nucleus and OH group along with the methoxy group, allyl as well as vinyl group. Fractions of chloroform/methanolic (7:3) leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis confirmed the presence of the two constituents i.e. fraxetin and 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone. We observed a significant difference in cytotoxicity at higher concentrations in methanol and chloroform: methanol (8:2) leaf extracts (p>0.05), we could not find any significant differences amongst other leaf extracts at different concentrations. Some leaf extracts have potential cytotoxic activity on Vero cells. Reducing the chloroform concentration during extraction decreases the cytotoxic effect on cells. Nitric oxide levels decreased from 1000 μg/ml concentration to lower concentrations with varying degrees. Overall the highest nitric oxide production by CHCl3 (70%)/ MeOH (30%) was observed amongst various fractions at different concentrations.

Conclusion: Phytochemical screening and the study of cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities highlight the potential of leaves of the plant to provide a way further for their use in medicine. Fraxetin 1(3H) and isobenzofuranone structures were confirmed in fractions of CHCl3 (70%)/ MeOH (30%) extract as potent constituents. Some leaf extracts have potential cytotoxic activity on Vero cells. Reducing the chloroform concentration during extraction, it decreases the cytotoxic effect on cells. The cytotoxicity studies indicate the presence of cytotoxic compounds in some of these extracts, warranting research for the fabrication of suitable formulations comprising these constituents to reduce dose/toxicity for beneficial effects of the plant components.

Keywords: Lawsonia inermis, henna, phytochemical profile, phytoconstituents, cytotoxicity, Lythreaceae.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Lavhale, M.S.; Mishra, S.H. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Ailanthus excelsa-A Review. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2007, 1(1), 106-116.
[2]
Chauhan, M.G.; Pillai, A.P.G. Microscopic profile of powdered drug used in Indian system of medicine; Jamnagar Gujarat, 2007, pp. 84-85.
[3]
Aghel, N.; Ameri, A.; Ebrahimi, P. Essential oil of Lawsonia inermis growing in Iran: chemical composition and antifungal activityFirst Seminar of Medicinal Natural Products Chemistry; Shiraz, Iran, 2005.
[4]
Ali, B.H.; Bashir, A.K.; Tanira, M.O.M. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects of Lawsonia inermis L. (henna) in rats. Pharmacology, 1995, 51(6), 356-363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000139347] [PMID: 8966192]
[5]
Dixit, S.N.; Srivastava, H.S.; Tripathi, R.D. Lawsone, the antifungal antibiotic from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis and some aspects of its mode of action. Indian Phytopathol., 1980, 31, 131-133.
[6]
El-Hag, A.G.; Al-Jabri, A.A.; Habbal, O.A. Antimicrobial properties of Lawsonia inermis (henna): a review. Aust. J. Med. Herb., 2007, 19(3), 114.
[7]
Malekzadeh, F. Antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia inermis L. Appl. Microbiol., 1968, 16(4), 663-664.
[PMID: 4967454]
[8]
Saadabi, M.A. Evaluation of Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Sudanese henna) leaf extracts as an antimicrobial agent. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 2007, 2(4), 419-423.
[9]
Wurochekke, A.U.; Chechet, G.; Nok, A.J. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of the leaf of Lawsonia inermis against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in mice. J Medical Sci., 2004, 4, 236-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jms.2004.236.239]
[10]
Nayak, B.S.; Isitor, G.; Davis, E.M.; Pillai, G.K. The evidence based wound healing activity of Lawsonia inermis Linn. Phytother. Res., 2007, 21(9), 827-831.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2181] [PMID: 17533628]
[11]
Ekwueme, F.N.; Nwodo, O.F.C.; Joshua, P.E.; Nkwocha, P.E.; Eluka, P.E. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the aqueous leaf extract of Senna mimosoides: Its effect in in vivo leukocyte mobilization induced by inflammatory stimulus. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2015, 41, 176-188.
[12]
Manuja, A.; Kumar, S.; Dilbaghi, N.; Bhanjana, G.; Chopra, M.; Kaur, H.; Kumar, R.; Manuja, B.K.; Singh, S.K.; Yadav, S.C. Quinapyramine sulfate-loaded sodium alginate nanoparticles show enhanced trypanocidal activity. Nanomedicine (Lond.), 2014, 9(11), 1625-1634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.13.148] [PMID: 24405513]
[13]
Ding, A.H.; Nathan, C.F.; Stuehr, D.J. Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production. J. Immunol., 1988, 141(7), 2407-2412.
[PMID: 3139757]
[14]
Manuja, A.; Malhotra, D.V.; Sikka, V.K.; Sangwan, A.K.; Sharma, R.; Kumar, B.; Mehta, B.D.; Gulati, B.R.; Nichani, A.K. Isolates of Theileria annulata collected from different parts of India show phenotypic and genetic diversity. Vet. Parasitol., 2006, 137(3-4), 242-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.021] [PMID: 16513283]
[15]
Manuja, A.; Kumar, B.; Chopra, M.; Bajaj, A.; Kumar, R.; Dilbaghi, N.; Kumar, S.; Singh, S.; Riyesh, T.; Yadav, S.C. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a trypanocidal drug quinapyramine sulfate loaded-sodium alginate nanoparticles in mammalian cells. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2016, 88, 146-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.034] [PMID: 27000439]
[16]
Gill, N.S.; Arora, R.; Kumar, S.R. Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of the Luffa acutangula Roxb. Var. amara. Res. J. Phytochem., 2011, 5, 201-208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2011.201.208]
[17]
Miyazawa, M.; Okuno, Y.; Nakamura, S.; Kosaka, H. Antimutagenic activity of flavonoids from Pogostemon cablin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48(3), 642-647.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf990160y] [PMID: 10725128]
[18]
Fernandes, A.A.H.; Novelli, E.L.B.; Okoshi, K.; Okoshi, M.P.; Di Muzio, B.P.; Guimarães, J.F.; Fernandes, Junior,A. Influence of rutin treatment on biochemical alterations in experimental diabetes. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2010, 64(3), 214-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2009.08.007] [PMID: 19932588]
[19]
Singh, D.K.; Cheema, H.S.; Saxena, A. Jyotshana; Singh, S.; Darokar, M.P.; Bawankule, D.U.; Shanker, K.; Luqman, S. Fraxetin and ethyl acetate extract from Lawsonia inermis L. ameliorate oxidative stress in P. berghei infected mice by augmenting antioxidant defence system. Phytomedicine, 2017, 36, 262-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.09.012] [PMID: 29157824]
[20]
Sharma, R.K.; Goel, A. Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential. Pharmacogn. J., 2018, 10(6), 1101-1108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.6.187]
[21]
Han, G.; Martinez, L.R.; Mihu, M.R.; Friedman, A.J.; Friedman, J.M.; Nosanchuk, J.D. Nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles are therapeutic for Staphylococcus aureus abscesses in a murine model of infection. PLoS One, 2009, 4(11)e7804
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007804] [PMID: 19915659]
[22]
Martinez, L.R.; Han, G.; Chacko, M.; Mihu, M.R.; Jacobson, M.; Gialanella, P.; Friedman, A.J.; Nosanchuk, J.D.; Friedman, J.M. Antimicrobial and healing efficacy of sustained release nitric oxide nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2009, 129(10), 2463-2469.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.95] [PMID: 19387479]
[23]
Mihu, M.R.; Sandkovsky, U.; Han, G.; Friedman, J.M.; Nosanchuk, J.D.; Martinez, L.R. The use of nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles as a treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in wound infections. Virulence, 2010, 1(2), 62-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.1.2.10038] [PMID: 21178416]
[24]
Arulselvan, P.; Fard, M.T.; Tan, W.S.; Gothai, S.; Fakurazi, S.; Norhaizan, M.E.; Kumar, S.S. Role of antioxidants and natural products in inflammation. Oxid. Med. Cell Longv., 2016, 52, 76130..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5276130]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
14
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy