We live in exciting times. The frontiers of physics have been pushed to unprecedented horizons. The Holy Grail of fundamental physics research today is to find and describe a theory that explains, at least in principle, all physical phenomena, which in turns explains chemistry, biology and other material sciences. This, however, is not without controversy. Currently, the most popular candidate for such a theory is known as string or superstring theory. It suffers from the problem of being a purely mathematical science with no experimental backing, and belief in it has been criticized as bordering on “faith” as opposed to scientific scrutiny. On the other hand the recent switching-on of our most advanced experimental tool, the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, gives new hope in our search for clues as to what the universe is made of on a fundamental level. What happened exactly on, or even before, the Big Bang? Where are we coming from and where are we going? Questions that have never been addressed before by physicists. The game is afoot and the search is on. This book contains articles by leading physicists describing the current situation. Among them are proponents as well as opponents of string theory, and proponents of other ideas such as Loop quantum gravity, commutative geometry, and others.

This e-book is a collection of chapters on practical and theoretical aspects of atmospheric flows over flat and complex terrain, with applications to air pollution and wind energy. It is divided into two main sections: the first section deals with atmospheric dynamics, and the second section explains the planetary boundary-layer parameterization that is a key issue for the definition of initial wind flow fields in meteorological and prognostic estimation of turbulence - “Ensemble Nowcasting” for short term prediction. The e-book is unique in that it features a combination of theoretical, analytical and numerical techniques, and tools where the techniques presented in the e-book are demonstrated and can be replicated by the reader. These practical tools can be used to easily test selected mathematical formulation or for performing a swift sensitivity analysis. The tools presented in this reference work focus primarily on mixing height evaluation, representative day identification and PBL characterization by elementary measurements evaluated at surface level. This e-book should be a valuable reference for readers interested in the meteorology of atmospheric wind flows.

This comprehensive text describes the phenomenon of atomic coherence and the applications in several processes. Various sections have been written by eminent authors who have made extensive contributions in the field of quantum interference. Discussions are on microscopic nano-resolution techniques, lithography, photonic band gap control and much more. The Ebook is unique in its approach with experimental demonstrations and it should be a particularly useful reference for aspiring theoretical physicists, looking for a comprehensive review of applications in this active research field within a single book.

This textbook primarily explains the construction of classical fluid model to readers in a holistic manner and the way it is constructed. Secondly, the book also demonstrates some possible modifications of the initial model which either make the model applicable in some special cases (viscous or turbulent fluids) or simplify it in accordance with peculiarity of a particular problem (hydrostatics, two-dimensional flows, boundary layers, etc.). The book explains theoretical concepts in two parts. The first part is dedicated to the derivation of the classical model of the perfect fluid. The second part of the book covers important modifications to the fluid model which account for calculations of momentum, force and the laws of energy conservation. Concepts in this section include the redefinition of the stress tensor in cases of viscous or turbulent flows and laminar and turbulent boundary layers. The text is supplemented by appropriate exercises and problems which may be used in practical classes. These additions serve to teach students how to work with complex systems governed by differential equations. Classical Fluid Mechanics is an ideal textbook for students undertaking semester courses on fluid physics and mechanics in undergraduate degree programs. This textbook primarily explains the construction of classical fluid model to readers in a holistic manner and the way it is constructed. Secondly, the book also demonstrates some possible modifications of the initial model which either make the model applicable in some special cases (viscous or turbulent fluids) or simplify it in accordance with peculiarity of a particular problem (hydrostatics, two-dimensional flows, boundary layers, etc.). The book explains theoretical concepts in two parts. The first part is dedicated to the derivation of the classical model of the perfect fluid. The second part of the book covers important modifications to the fluid model which account for calculations of momentum, force and the laws of energy conservation. Concepts in this section include the redefinition of the stress tensor in cases of viscous or turbulent flows and laminar and turbulent boundary layers. The text is supplemented by appropriate exercises and problems which may be used in practical classes. These additions serve to teach students how to work with complex systems governed by differential equations. Classical Fluid Mechanics is an ideal textbook for students undertaking semester courses on fluid physics and mechanics in undergraduate degree programs.

This unique textbook presents a novel, axiomatic pedagogical path from classical to quantum physics. Readers are introduced to the description of classical mechanics, which rests on Euler’s and Helmholtz’s rather than Newton’s or Hamilton’s representations. Special attention is given to the common attributes rather than to the differences between classical and quantum mechanics. Readers will also learn about Schrödinger’s forgotten demands on quantization, his equation, Einstein’s idea of ‘quantization as selection problem’. The Schrödinger equation is derived without any assumptions about the nature of quantum systems, such as interference and superposition, or the existence of a quantum of action, h. The use of the classical expressions for the potential and kinetic energies within quantum physics is justified. </p> <p> Key features: · Presents extensive reference to original texts. </p> <p> · Includes many details that do not enter contemporary representations of classical mechanics, although these details are essential for understanding quantum physics. </p> <p> · Contains a simple level of mathematics which is seldom higher than that of the common (Riemannian) integral. </p> <p> · Brings information about important scientists </p> <p> · Carefully introduces basic equations, notations and quantities in simple steps </p> <p> This book addresses the needs of physics students, teachers and historians with its simple easy to understand presentation and comprehensive approach to both classical and quantum mechanics.. </p>

In Density Matrix Theories in Quantum Physics, the author explores new possibilities for the main quantities in quantum physics – the statistical operator and the density matrix. The starting point in this exploration is the Lindblad equation for the statistical operator, where the main element of influence on a system by its environment is the dissipative operator. Bondarev has developed the theory of the harmonic oscillator, in which he finds the density matrix and proves the Heisenberg relation. Bondarev has written the dissipative diffusion and attenuation operators and proven the equivalence of the Wigner and Fokker–Planck equations using them. He further develops theories of the light-emitting diode and ball lightning. Bondarev also derives equations for the density matrix of a single particle and a system of identical particles. These equations have a remarkable property: when the density matrix has a diagonal shape they turn into a quantum kinetic equation for probability. Additional chapters in the book present new theories of experimentally discovered phenomena, such as the step kinetics of bimolecular reactions in solids, superconductivity, superfluidity, the energy spectrum of an arbitrary atom, lasers, spasers, and graphene. Density Matrix Theories in Quantum Physics is an informative reference for theoretical physicists interested in new theories on the subject of complex physical phenomena, quantum theory and density matrices.

Atomic and molecular physics underlie a basis for our knowledge of fundamental processes in nature and technology and in such applications as solid state physics, chemistry and biology. In recent years, atomic and molecular physics has undergone a revolutionary change due to great achievements in computing and experimental techniques. As a result, it has become possible to obtain information both on atomic and molecular characteristics and on dynamics of atomic and molecular processes. This e-book highlights the present state of investigations in the field of atomic and molecular physics. Recent theoretical developments as well as new discoveries and observations are discussed. The Book should be of interest to students studying atomic and molecular physics and specialists in related fields of science and technology.

Einstein’s Revolution: A Study of Theory Unification gives students of physics and philosophy, and general readers, an epistemological insight into the genesis of Einstein’s special relativity and its further unification with other theories. The book starts with an introductory analysis of the reasons for mature theory change in science. This leads to a discussion about special relativity genesis. It is contended that Einstein’s ingenious approach to special relativity creation, substantially distinguishing him from Lorentz’s and Poincaré’s invaluable impacts, turns to be a milestone of maxwellian electrodynamics, statistical mechanics and thermodynamics reconciliation design. Special relativity turns out to be grounded on Einstein’s breakthrough 1905 light quantum hypothesis. Eventually the author amends the received view on the general relativity genesis by stressing that the main reason for Einstein’s victory over the rival programmes of Abraham and Nordström was a unificationist character of Einstein’s research programme.

Stephen Hawking, present occupant of the Lucasian Chair at Cambridge University, is today one of the best known theoretical cosmologists in the world. His important contributions, in collaboration with Roger Penrose, to the physics of black holes are well known, but this does not make comparable to those of Albert Einstein, as some times is affirmed in the mainstream media. In this book, Hawking´s work as presented at the Vatican Study Week on Astrophysical Cosmology (1981), his bestseller “A Brief History of Time” (1988), his lecture on “Gödel and the end of physics” (2002), and “The Grand Design”(2010) are briefly examined. In them many philosophical questions are raised but no rigorous answers are provided. In the second half of the book, chapters on the origin of science in the Christian West, the post-Renaissance scientific revolution, the true pioneers of modern physics put contemporary cosmology in a proper perspective. The authors conclude that contemporary observational data are compatible with a finite, open and contingent universe, rather than with “everything coming out of nothing”. This book puts in a proper historical perspective, contrary to Hawking’s, that the universe is intelligible as attested by the monumental fact of modern science, and, therefore, that it is contingent, and therefore created. Very often, contemporary theoretical cosmologists ignore the crucial contributions made in Medieval Europe to the birth of modern physics. This book intends to bridge the gap in accessible language for the non specialist.

This e-book presents an overview of field propulsion systems for the use of space travel and interstellar travel. Such systems include warp drive, space drive and gravity-control schemes, and are propelled receiving the propulsive force derived from an interaction of the spacecraft with external fields. Spacecraft is propelled against space-time structure. This cannot be achieved by the conventional methods like chemical propulsion and electric propulsion. The e-book should be a valuable source of information for researchers interested in spaceflight and propulsion physics.