This handbook covers Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) with a specific focus on choroidal and vitreoretinal disorders. It serves as an invaluable resource for teaching and aiding daily clinical decision-making in the field. Book chapters dissect the fundamentals of angiography through OCT, offering guidance on OCT-A and insights into macular perfusional findings across various vitreoretinal and choroidal pathologies. From diabetic retinopathy to autoimmune diseases and neovascularization, the book addresses prevalent vascular entities encountered in routine practice. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches, including antivascular endothelial growth factor molecules and extended-release delivery devices, contributing significantly to the diagnostic and decision-making processes in clinical and surgical retina care. Each chapter is contributed by experts in the relevant subspecialty. Key Features: Practical, patient-centered guide emphasizing a clinical approach. Demonstrative clinical cases for enhanced understanding. Evaluation of perfusional indices using noninvasive and noncontact imaging techniques. High histopathological correlation of structural tissue characterization with microvascular evaluation. Exploration of new perfusion concepts and their role in disease pathogenesis. Part 2 covers advanced topics in OCT-A for choroidal and vitreoretinal disorders. Chapters explore macular perfusional repercussions in obstructive venous vascular phenomena, OCT-A findings in retinal infarction, and the role of macular perfusion in myopic macular traction maculopathy. Further discussions include postoperative perfusional findings in vitreoretinopathy, distinctions in choroidal vasculopathies, and the application of OCT-A in managing pathological choroidal neovascularization. The part concludes with a review of postoperative membrane formation, the usefulness of OCT-A in neurodegenerative diseases, and the evaluation of arterial occlusions and choroidal neovascularization management.

Cardiovascular mortality in women is more frequent than breast cancer mortality, a fact which is often overlooked. Women's Heart and Estrogens explores this important women’s health issue with respect to estrogen levels (before and after menopause) as the hormone has been known to mediate cardiovascular effects in women. The handbook includes a description of the structure and biological activity of estrogen and follows up with a detailed reference on the genetics behind estrogen and its effect on the cardiovascular system. Subsequent chapters cover the effects of estrogens on the stages of atherogenesis, actions of estrogens on the on the vascular wall and on cardiovascular metabolic pathways, causes leading to the development of early onset of coronary heart disease in young women (such as vasculitis and autoimmune diseases)[Obaid ur Rahman1] , hypercoagulable states, myocardial infarction in hallucinogenic drug abusers, non-atherosclerotic and atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, hormone replacement therapy and postmenopausal risk factors. Medical professionals will also find handy guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Women's Heart and Estrogens offers knowledge to readers in a clear and simple manner with detailed images and summaries in each chapter. Guidelines are also presented in a chronological context which demonstrates the development of cardiovascular disease prevention and risk management strategies for women over the years.