Comparative Bioacoustics: An Overview

Filtering in Bioacoustics

Author(s): Philip K. Stoddard and Michael J. Owren

Pp: 302-335 (34)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083179117010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Working in bioacoustics requires knowledge of filtering, which is the application of frequency-dependent energy attenuation. General filter types include low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop versions, each of which involves selecting a target frequency range, corresponding corner frequencies, and an optimized combination of attenuation slope and pass-band ripple. Filters can be constructed in either analog (hardware) or digital (software) forms, the former being necessary when converting signals between these two kinds of representations. However, the latter are more flexible, less expensive, and the more common when working with digital signals. Readily available programs allow even novice users to easily design and use digital filters. Filtering applications include removing various kinds of noise, simulating environmental degradation effects, and searching for signals embedded in noise. While easily performed, each of these applications requires some background knowledge. There is also good reason to avoid unnecessary use of filtering, as it is easy to create unintended effects. This chapter discusses these and other issues in the context of the everyday work of bioacoustics.


Keywords: Analog filter, Artifact, Attenuation slope, Digital filter, Digital sampling, Gain function, Pass-band ripple.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676327 and j.to_date >= 1740676327 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9836) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676327 and j.to_date >= 1740676327 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9836) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676327 and j.to_date >= 1740676327 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9836)
      910μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2197 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676327 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676327 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.49msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2197
      • 3: 1740676327
      • 4: 1740676327
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4e690afd6738d045494b923c31c95693'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        oVBxc8XgMNtzznyDBsWQH8R5wdoe5Nm0FUWnTE0d
        uc_cart_id
        4e690afd6738d045494b923c31c95693
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9836" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9836
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:12:07 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imdqa1NkYXJjNko5dkVXeU9ubHUrQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEZZVUVtT1FFdDVqN1pJTytWcHprZklQMGZIR3ZFbUNxZHZtdGxvM3lLZWVqcmV1RzZCaFdic0lLc2xlZ2FnTzFqc2ltU3lBSnd0cnVvV2NyZm84SEgxKzZUNXowOFdtenY5UkdFanhkNUEvOUFGRTQyOXUweUxCczdqd0l3R1UiLCJtYWMiOiJiY2ZlODEwNDc0ZDAzYWJlMmU4MmU0ZTg4MzkwZDU1MmFlNzQ1N2VmYjhhNmIyNjE2NTIxN2FjYTgyZGQ2ZmUxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:12:07 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imdqa1NkYXJjNko5dkVXeU9ubHUrQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEZZVUVtT1FFdDVqN1pJTytWcHprZklQMGZIR3ZFbUNxZHZtdGxvM3lLZWVqcmV1RzZCaFdic0lLc2xlZ2FnTzFqc2ltU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklZOStwUjExNFFkN0s1UEVzQ0F0ekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT253QTBKU2V2QU1tSjJxazh2MmYxNmdrRmxwTTFzcE42ejhHZUV5UFdKUEVmVWJkL3dCL3hqWUJSUmhLOUovYjRjSlJLWXVuK09SK3dlMC9RMW5jZnQ3akdBVXRXUkI0VHQ0cG42SXNVTVZJZHhlTXM4MVpFNGJPWXRkZDluRDQiLCJtYWMiOiI3YmZjMTAzYzhjNGUzMmJmMmQ3ZDY3ZGZlNjA5M2Y2YmZmYWVkYjA2YTNiZGE4ODRkNzUyODE2Yzk4NzI5NGIxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklZOStwUjExNFFkN0s1UEVzQ0F0ekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT253QTBKU2V2QU1tSjJxazh2MmYxNmdrRmxwTTFzcE42ejhHZUV5UFdKUEVmVWJkL3dCL3hqWUJ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imdqa1NkYXJjNko5dkVXeU9ubHUrQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEZZVUVtT1FFdDVqN1pJTytWcHprZklQMGZIR3ZFbUNxZHZtdGxvM3lLZWVqcmV1RzZCaFdic0lLc2xlZ2FnTzFqc2ltU3lBSnd0cnVvV2NyZm84SEgxKzZUNXowOFdtenY5UkdFanhkNUEvOUFGRTQyOXUweUxCczdqd0l3R1UiLCJtYWMiOiJiY2ZlODEwNDc0ZDAzYWJlMmU4MmU0ZTg4MzkwZDU1MmFlNzQ1N2VmYjhhNmIyNjE2NTIxN2FjYTgyZGQ2ZmUxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:12:07 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imdqa1NkYXJjNko5dkVXeU9ubHUrQWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEZZVUVtT1FFdDVqN1pJTytWcHprZklQMGZIR3ZFbUNxZHZtdGxvM3lLZWVqcmV1RzZCaFdic0lLc2xlZ2FnTzFqc2ltU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklZOStwUjExNFFkN0s1UEVzQ0F0ekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT253QTBKU2V2QU1tSjJxazh2MmYxNmdrRmxwTTFzcE42ejhHZUV5UFdKUEVmVWJkL3dCL3hqWUJSUmhLOUovYjRjSlJLWXVuK09SK3dlMC9RMW5jZnQ3akdBVXRXUkI0VHQ0cG42SXNVTVZJZHhlTXM4MVpFNGJPWXRkZDluRDQiLCJtYWMiOiI3YmZjMTAzYzhjNGUzMmJmMmQ3ZDY3ZGZlNjA5M2Y2YmZmYWVkYjA2YTNiZGE4ODRkNzUyODE2Yzk4NzI5NGIxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklZOStwUjExNFFkN0s1UEVzQ0F0ekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT253QTBKU2V2QU1tSjJxazh2MmYxNmdrRmxwTTFzcE42ejhHZUV5UFdKUEVmVWJkL3dCL3hqWUJ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "oVBxc8XgMNtzznyDBsWQH8R5wdoe5Nm0FUWnTE0d" "uc_cart_id" => "4e690afd6738d045494b923c31c95693" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9836" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:12:07GET/chapter/9836112199