Paracoccidioides, One Genus, More Than One Species: P. brasiliensis Cryptic Species and P. lutzii. Dimorphism, Morphogenesis, Phylogeny

Author(s): Gioconda San-Blas and Gustavo Niño-Vega

Pp: 16-34 (19)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805364311201010016

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a pathogenic dimorphic fungus geographically restricted to Latin America, is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most recurrent systemic mycoses in the region. Since its first description in 1908 by Adolpho Lutz in Brazil, P. brasiliensis has been considered the only species within the genus Paracoccidioides. Recent phylogenetic data have revealed the presence of cryptic species, namely P. brasiliensis S1, PS2 and PS3, and a well separated species, labeled P. lutzii as a tribute to Lutz. In this review, we bring together information that supports the existence of these new phylogenetic species, as well as summarize extensive works published on molecular aspects of dimorphism and morphogenesis done in classical strains of P. brasiliensis and also in P. lutzii (isolate Pb01). In doing so, we will attempt to analyze possible differences in their metabolic pathways, that may contribute to facilitate species differentiation and help researchers and clinicians to better understand the variety of pathologies so far reported in paracoccidioidomycosis.


Keywords: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Paracoccidioides lutzii, dimorphism, morphogenesis, molecular taxonomy, phylogenetic species, differentiation, paracoccidioidomycosis, adolpho lutz, mycelium, yeast, morphogenesis, conidia, cell wall.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873443466 and j.to_ip >=873443466 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676070 and j.to_date >= 1740676070 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3663) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873443466 and j.to_ip >=873443466 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676070 and j.to_date >= 1740676070 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3663) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873443466 and j.to_ip >=873443466 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676070 and j.to_date >= 1740676070 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3663)
      830μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1054 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676070 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676070 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.17msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1054
      • 3: 1740676070
      • 4: 1740676070
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c1ab35f0f29c75b04378cceef98ad259'
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    14Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        8zef5zCixe73WUw7dZ4B87RAZ5q2MEDfQndhsoIy
        uc_cart_id
        c1ab35f0f29c75b04378cceef98ad259
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3663" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3663
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:07:50 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9TaGVoTWErQ2xBMzNLclhBMldQSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFcxTG5ZU0pDRHd4NUZ4bEtqNjBja2Rtekpod09XVXZYbmVVS3h5MzdERjdyVGRBMEdvWFZ2QkxybSttRzduUzVZajA0N25GWmpFOEVYNDBuRDdVQ3hGaDNoVzZwRE1DWXIwS052c3Q3TVY0Y1FqWlhaS0Q3U0Y2OXJoTkRrYXAiLCJtYWMiOiJhY2M3MzdkNDlmNmZkM2ZkNTNiNmZjYjA1MDQzYzdkNDUwYzc1ZjM1OWY5MmI3Y2Q1M2EwODMwZDkyZTI4MGQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:07:50 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9TaGVoTWErQ2xBMzNLclhBMldQSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFcxTG5ZU0pDRHd4NUZ4bEtqNjBja2Rtekpod09XVXZYbmVVS3h5MzdERjdyVGRBMEdvWFZ2QkxybSttRzduUzVZajA0N" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijcya3dzcnhkL3BqWlZ1RlR0Zlh6SWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTkorc3g2SmR0eU9lS1NXVTZ1RUVMbEtLSmxwWFdsRVUyUG5jVm9QaTRMSHFtMFFnWEg0alY1T1JoeEVyZ1BzdHZ4S214WFUrZVhEQmNXdktsRVVOdjRwdU1GWExlcjA1L0VKZWpDTFNueTJJaDVMWndUSUM4dnZpYlhQZ2NRa0ciLCJtYWMiOiJkNWVmODBjMjVmNWZjOWY4ZTJiYzI4M2JkYzBiZjMyMjk3MWNlMGJkODY5ZDY5ZDgyYTlhYzk0MTE5OGZlMmRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijcya3dzcnhkL3BqWlZ1RlR0Zlh6SWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTkorc3g2SmR0eU9lS1NXVTZ1RUVMbEtLSmxwWFdsRVUyUG5jVm9QaTRMSHFtMFFnWEg0alY1T1J" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9TaGVoTWErQ2xBMzNLclhBMldQSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFcxTG5ZU0pDRHd4NUZ4bEtqNjBja2Rtekpod09XVXZYbmVVS3h5MzdERjdyVGRBMEdvWFZ2QkxybSttRzduUzVZajA0N25GWmpFOEVYNDBuRDdVQ3hGaDNoVzZwRE1DWXIwS052c3Q3TVY0Y1FqWlhaS0Q3U0Y2OXJoTkRrYXAiLCJtYWMiOiJhY2M3MzdkNDlmNmZkM2ZkNTNiNmZjYjA1MDQzYzdkNDUwYzc1ZjM1OWY5MmI3Y2Q1M2EwODMwZDkyZTI4MGQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:07:50 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9TaGVoTWErQ2xBMzNLclhBMldQSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFcxTG5ZU0pDRHd4NUZ4bEtqNjBja2Rtekpod09XVXZYbmVVS3h5MzdERjdyVGRBMEdvWFZ2QkxybSttRzduUzVZajA0N" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijcya3dzcnhkL3BqWlZ1RlR0Zlh6SWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTkorc3g2SmR0eU9lS1NXVTZ1RUVMbEtLSmxwWFdsRVUyUG5jVm9QaTRMSHFtMFFnWEg0alY1T1JoeEVyZ1BzdHZ4S214WFUrZVhEQmNXdktsRVVOdjRwdU1GWExlcjA1L0VKZWpDTFNueTJJaDVMWndUSUM4dnZpYlhQZ2NRa0ciLCJtYWMiOiJkNWVmODBjMjVmNWZjOWY4ZTJiYzI4M2JkYzBiZjMyMjk3MWNlMGJkODY5ZDY5ZDgyYTlhYzk0MTE5OGZlMmRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijcya3dzcnhkL3BqWlZ1RlR0Zlh6SWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTkorc3g2SmR0eU9lS1NXVTZ1RUVMbEtLSmxwWFdsRVUyUG5jVm9QaTRMSHFtMFFnWEg0alY1T1J" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "8zef5zCixe73WUw7dZ4B87RAZ5q2MEDfQndhsoIy" "uc_cart_id" => "c1ab35f0f29c75b04378cceef98ad259" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3663" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:07:50GET/chapter/36631121916