Login Register Cart 0
Review Article

Considering Circadian Pattern of Blood Pressure in the Treatment of Hypertension via Chronotherapy: A Conducive or Maladroit Approach

Author(s): Rina Das* and Dinesh Kumar Mehta

Volume 20, Issue 12, 2019

Page: [1244 - 1254] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190527114529

Price: $65

Abstract

Medical chronobiology deals with the way body’s rhythm influences a person’s health and disease states. To match body rhythms, deliberate alteration of drug concentration is done to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize size effects and this approach is known as Chronotherapeutics. In general the concept of homeostasis has been the base for the treatment of diseases. Little importance has been given in understanding biologic rhythms and their underlying mechanisms. Designing of cardiovascular drug is done to achieve a constant or near-constant effect throughout the 24-hour with the prescribed dose. However in many cases, medication requirement during night and day time are not the same. Body rhythms may have profound effect on the treatment outcomes. It is a wrongful approach to assume that a drug dosed in the morning or evening will have the same antihypertensive effect. The vast literature record of circadian variations in Blood Pressure (BP), heart rate, hormone secretion, and platelet aggregation are examples of the impact of chronobiology. In this study we analyze the effect of circadian pattern of blood pressure on action of various antihypertensives and investigate the perspective of chronotherapeutics- whether it is a fruitful approach and rationalize its utility in the treatment of hypertension.

Keywords: Chronotherapeutics, hypertension, biologic rhythms, antihypertensives, homeostasis, chronobiology.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Jameson JL, Kasper D, Hauser S, et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 19th ed. 2015; p. 2.
[2]
Palanisamy S, Sumathy A. Intervention to improve patient adherence with antihypertensive medications at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2009; 1: 369-74.
[3]
Merai R, Siegel C, Rakotz M, et al. CDC grand rounds: a public health approach to detect and control hypertension. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65(45): 1261-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15585/mmwr.mm6545a3] [PMID: 27855138]
[4]
Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA 1999; 282(6): 539-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.6.539] [PMID: 10450715]
[5]
Watanabe H, Nakano S, Nagai K, Ogawa N. Time-dependent absorption of theophylline in man. J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 24(11-12): 509-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1984.tb02760.x] [PMID: 6511990]
[6]
Millar-Craig MW, Bishop CN, Raftery EB. Circadian variation of blood-pressure. Lancet 1978; 1(8068): 795-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92998-7] [PMID: 85815]
[7]
Raftery EB. Clinical significance of blood pressure variability. 9th Symposium Blood Pressure Variability. 51-63.
[8]
Pickering TG, James GD. Determinants and consequences of the diurnal rhythm of blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6(6 Pt 2)(Suppl. 1): 166S-9S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/6.6.166S] [PMID: 8347311]
[9]
Walsh SJ, White WB. The rise and fall of ambulatory blood pressure (abstr). Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 106A.
[10]
Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, O’Brien E, et al. The diurnal blood pressure profile. A population study. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5(6 Pt 1): 386-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/5.6.386] [PMID: 1524764]
[11]
Pandit V, Suresh S. Emerging role of biorhythms in optimizing treatment of disease. Indian J novel drug delivery (1): 2-10.2009;
[12]
Neutel JM, Smith DHG, Ram CVS, et al. Application of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in differentiating between antihypertensive agents. Am J Med 1993; 94(2): 181-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(93)90181-N] [PMID: 8430713]
[13]
Graettinger WF, Lipson JL, Klein RC, Cheung DG, Weber MA. Comparison of antihypertensive therapies by noninvasive techniques. Chest 1989; 96(1): 74-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.96.1.74] [PMID: 2544352]
[14]
Bainbridge AD, Macfadyen RJ, Stark S, Lees KR, Reid JL. The antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a low dose combination of ramipril and felodipine ER in mild to moderate essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 36(4): 323-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb00371.x] [PMID: 12959310]
[15]
Palatini P, Racioppa A, Raule G, Zaninotto M, Penzo M, Pessina AC. Effect of timing of administration on the plasma ACE inhibitory activity and the antihypertensive effect of quinapril. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52(4): 378-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1992.158] [PMID: 1330398]
[16]
Lemmer B. The importance of circadian rhythms on drug response in hypertension and coronary heart disease--from mice and man. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111(3): 629-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.008] [PMID: 16480770]
[17]
Prisant LM. Hypertension and chronotherapy: shifting the treatment paradigm. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14(9 Pt 2): 277S-9S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(01)02173-2] [PMID: 11583140]
[18]
Douglas JG. Compliance with antihypertensive therapy: Is it time for chronotherapy. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: A238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(02)02918-7]
[19]
Middeke M, Schrader J. Nocturnal blood pressure in normotensive subjects and those with white coat, primary, and secondary hypertension. BMJ 1994; 308(6929): 630-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6929.630] [PMID: 8148712]
[20]
Cugini P. ILawasaki T and Dipahna L. Preventive distinction of patients with primary or secondary hypertension by discriminant analysis of chronobiologic parameters on 24-h blood pressure patterns. Jpn Circ J 1989; 53: 1363-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/jcj.53.1363] [PMID: 2621766]
[21]
Lemmer B, Portaluppi F. Chronopharmacology of cardiovascular diseases. Redfern P, Lenuner B: Physiology and Pharmacology of Biological Rhythms Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology1251997 251-97.
[22]
Gherghel D, Hosking SL, Orgül S. Autonomic nervous system, circadian rhythms, and primary open-angle glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2004; 49(5): 491-508.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(04)00110-9] [PMID: 15325194]
[23]
Kraft M, Martin RJ. Chronobiology and chronotherapy in medicine. Dis Mon 1995; 41(8): 506-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0011-5029(95)90036-5] [PMID: 7628291]
[24]
Smith DHG. Pharmacology of cardiovascular chronotherapeutic agents. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14(9 Pt 2): 296S-301S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(01)02176-8] [PMID: 11583143]
[25]
Smolensky MH, Portaluppi F. Chronopharmacology and chronotherapy of cardiovascular medications: relevance to prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 1999; 137(4 Pt 2): S14-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70392-3] [PMID: 10097242]
[26]
Gallerani M, Manfredini R, Ricci L, et al. Sudden death from pulmonary thromboembolism: chronobiological aspects. Eur Heart J 1992; 13(5): 661-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060232] [PMID: 1618210]
[27]
Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 24(6): 793-801.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.24.6.793] [PMID: 7995639]
[28]
Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, et al. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2002; 20(11): 2183-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200211000-00017] [PMID: 12409956]
[29]
Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, et al. Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension 2005; 46(1): 156-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000170138.56903.7a] [PMID: 15939805]
[30]
Ingelsson E, Björklund-Bodegård K, Lind L, Arnlöv J, Sundström J. Diurnal blood pressure pattern and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA 2006; 295(24): 2859-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.24.2859] [PMID: 16804152]
[31]
Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives. Hypertension 2001; 38(4): 852-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hy1001.092640] [PMID: 11641298]
[32]
Witte K, Weisser K, Neubeck M, et al. Cardiovascular effects, pharmacokinetics, and converting enzyme inhibition of enalapril after morning versus evening administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54(2): 177-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1993.129] [PMID: 8394796]
[33]
Morgan T, Anderson A, Jones E. The effect on 24 h blood pressure control of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (perindopril) administered in the morning or at night. J Hypertens 1997; 15(2): 205-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199715020-00012] [PMID: 9469797]
[34]
Myburgh DP, Verho M, Botes JH, Erasmus TP, Luus HG. 24-hour blood pressure control with ramipril: Comparison of once-daily morning and evening administration. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1995; 56: 1298-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-393X(95)85074-0]
[35]
Palatini P, Mos L, Motolese M, et al. Effect of evening versus morning benazepril on 24-hour blood pressure: a comparative study with continuous intraarterial monitoring. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993; 31(6): 295-300.
[PMID: 8335427]
[36]
Macchiarulo C, Pieri R, Mitolo DC, Pirrelli A. Management of antihypertensive treatment with Lisinopril: a chronotherapeutic approach. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 1999; 3(6): 269-75.
[PMID: 11261739]
[37]
Kuroda T, Kario K, Hoshide S, et al. Effects of bedtime vs. morning administration of the long-acting lipophilic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on morning blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2004; 27(1): 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1291/hypres.27.15] [PMID: 15055251]
[38]
Middeke M, Klüglich M, Holzgreve H. Chronopharmacology of captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension: morning versus evening dosing. Chronobiol Int 1991; 8(6): 506-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420529109059186] [PMID: 1799931]
[39]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, Chayan L, Rodriguez M, Lopez JE. Chronotherapy with spirapril in hypertensive patients: changes in the diurnal/nocturnal blood pressure ratio as a function of the circadian time of administration. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 88-103.
[40]
Kohno I, Ijiri H, Takusagawa M, et al. Effect of imidapril in dipper and nondipper hypertensive patients: comparison between morning and evening administration. Chronobiol Int 2000; 17(2): 209-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100101044] [PMID: 10757465]
[41]
Hermida RC, Ayala DE. Chronotherapy with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in essential hypertension: improved blood pressure control with bedtime dosing. Hypertension 2009; 54(1): 40-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.130203] [PMID: 19433778]
[42]
Svensson P, de Faire U, Sleight P, Yusuf S, Ostergren J. Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures: a HOPE Substudy. Hypertension 2001; 38(6): E28-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hy1101.099502] [PMID: 11751742]
[43]
Deborah C, Azzopardi LM, Anthony SI. Chronopharmacology in Hypertension: The case for perindopril and valsartan 9783659 150562
[44]
Pizzuto M, Portelli J, Serracino-Inglott A, Zarb-Adami M, Azzopardi LM. Chronopharmacology of antihypertensives. Journal of Applied Therapeutic Research 2010; 7(4): 133-40.
[45]
Szauder I, Csajági E, Major Z, Pavlik G, Ujhelyi G. Treatment of Hypertension: Favourable Effect of the Twice-Daily Compared to the Once-Daily (Evening) Administration of Perindopril and Losartan. Kidney Blood Press Res 2015; 40(4): 374-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000368513] [PMID: 26160625]
[46]
Bălan H, Popescu E, Angelescu G. Comparing different treatment schedules of Zomen (zofenopril). Rom J Intern Med 2011; 49(1): 75-84.
[PMID: 22026256]
[47]
Kitahara Y, Saito F, Akao M, et al. Effect of morning and bedtime dosing with cilnidipine on blood pressure, heart rate, and sympathetic nervous activity in essential hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 43(1): 68-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-200401000-00011] [PMID: 14668570]
[48]
Mengden T, Binswanger B, Gruene S. Dynamics of drug compliance and 24-hour blood pressure control of once daily morning vs evening amlodipine. J Hypertens 1992; 10(4): S136-42.
[49]
Qiu YG, Chen JZ, Zhu JH, Yao XY. Differential effects of morning or evening dosing of amlodipine on circadian blood pressure and heart rate. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2003; 17(4): 335-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1027347723347] [PMID: 14618095]
[50]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, Lopez JE, Rodriguez M, Covelo M. Administration time-dependent effects of amlodipine on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 61A-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.03.167]
[51]
Nold G, Strobel G, Lemmer B. Morning versus evening amlodipine treatment: effect on circadian blood pressure profile in essential hypertensive patients. Blood Press Monit 1998; 3(1): 17-25.
[PMID: 10212327]
[52]
Kohno I, Iwasaki H, Okutani M, et al. Administration-time-dependent effects of diltiazem on the 24-hour blood pressure profile of essential hypertension patients. Chronobiol Int 1997; 14(1): 71-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420529709040543] [PMID: 9042553]
[53]
Fogari R, Malacco E, Tettamanti F, Gnemmi AE, Milani M. Evening vs morning isradipine sustained release in essential hypertension: a double-blind study with 24 h ambulatory monitoring. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 35(1): 51-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb05670.x] [PMID: 8448068]
[54]
Portaluppi F, Vergnani L, Manfredini R. degli Uberti EC, Fersini C. Time-dependent effect of isradipine on the nocturnal hypertension in chronic renal failure. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8(7): 719-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-7061(95)00124-8] [PMID: 7546498]
[55]
Greminger P, Suter PM, Holm D, Kobelt R, Vetter W. Morning versus evening administration of nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system in the management of essential hypertension. Clin Investig 1994; 72(11): 864-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190742] [PMID: 7894213]
[56]
Caruana M, Heber M, Brigden G, Raftery EB. Assessment of ‘once daily’ verapamil for the treatment of hypertension using ambulatory, intra-arterial blood pressure recording. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 32(6): 549-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02455986] [PMID: 3653223]
[57]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, Covelo M, Rodriguez M, Lopez JE. Administration time-dependent effects of nifedipine GITS on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 63A-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.03.173]
[58]
Meilhac B, Mallion JM, Carre A, et al. Etude de l’influence de l’horaire de la prise sur l’effet antihypertenseur et la tolérance de la nitrendipine chez des patients hypertendus essentiels légers à modérés. Intérêt de l’enregistrement ambulatoire de la pression artérielle sur 24 heures. Therapie 1992; 47(3): 205-10.
[PMID: 1295122]
[59]
White WB, Mansoor GA, Pickering TG, et al. Differential effects of morning and evening dosing of nisoldipine ER on circadian blood pressure and heart rate. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12(8 Pt 1): 806-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00044-8] [PMID: 10480474]
[60]
Umeda T, Naomi S, Iwaoka T, et al. Timing for administration of an antihypertensive drug in the treatment of essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 23(1)(Suppl.): I211-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.23.1_Suppl.I211] [PMID: 8282361]
[61]
Lemmer B, Witte K. Chronopharmacological aspects of coronary heart disease. Triggering of acute coronary heart disease-implications for prevention 295-308.1996;
[62]
Lemmer B, Portaluppi F. Chronopharmacology of cardiovascular diseases.In: Handbook of Pharmacology, Physiology and Pharmacology of Biological rhythms. 251-97. 1997; 125: pp.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09355-9_10]
[63]
Mengden T, Binswanger B, Spühler T, Weisser B, Vetter W. The use of self-measured blood pressure determinations in assessing dynamics of drug compliance in a study with amlodipine once a day, morning versus evening. J Hypertens 1993; 11(12): 1403-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199312000-00013] [PMID: 8133022]
[64]
Zeng J, Jia M, Ran H, et al. Fixed-combination of amlodipine and diuretic chronotherapy in the treatment of essential hypertension: improved blood pressure control with bedtime dosing-a multicenter, open-label randomized study. Hypertens Res 2011; 34(6): 767-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hr.2011.36] [PMID: 21471971]
[65]
Hoshino A, Nakamura T, Matsubara H. The bedtime administration ameliorates blood pressure variability and reduces urinary albumin excretion in amlodipine-olmesartan combination therapy. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 32(7): 416-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641961003667948] [PMID: 20828223]
[66]
Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fontao MJ, Mojón A, Fernández JR. Chronotherapy with valsartan/amlodipine fixed combination: improved blood pressure control of essential hypertension with bedtime dosing. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27(6): 1287-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2010.489167] [PMID: 20653455]
[67]
Kasiakogias A, Tsioufis C, Thomopoulos C, et al. Evening versus morning dosing of antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive patients with sleep apnoea: a cross-over study. J Hypertens 2015; 33(2): 393-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000371] [PMID: 25318654]
[68]
Asmar R, Gosse P, Queré S, Achouba A. Efficacy of morning and evening dosing of amlodipine/valsartan combination in hypertensive patients uncontrolled by 5 mg of amlodipine. Blood Press Monit 2011; 16(2): 80-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e328344c6db] [PMID: 21372694]
[69]
Gorbunov V, Belolipetskaya V, Guranda D, Fedorova E, Deev A, Zhabina E. Chronopharmacology of Verapamil in hypertension. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 449-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000379540.83863.b5]
[70]
Lemmer B. From the Biological Clock to Chronopharmacology 91-117.1996;
[71]
Stanton A, OBrien E. Auswirkungen der Therapie auf das zirkadiane Blutdruckprofil Kardio 3: 1-8.1994;
[72]
Gould BA, Raftery EB. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure control: an intraarterial review. Chronobiol Int 1991; 8(6): 495-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420529109059185] [PMID: 1666021]
[73]
Rabe KF, Jörres R, Nowak D, Behr N, Magnussen H. Comparison of the effects of salmeterol and formoterol on airway tone and responsiveness over 24 hours in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147(6 Pt 1): 1436-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/147.6_Pt_1.1436] [PMID: 8503554]
[74]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, et al. Administration-time-dependent effects of doxazosin GITS on ambulatory blood pressure of hypertensive subjects. Chronobiol Int 2004; 21(2): 277-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CBI-120037772] [PMID: 15332347]
[75]
Lemmer B. Cardiovascular chronobiology and chronopharmacology: importance of timing of dosing. Blood pressure monitoring in cardiovascular medicine and therapeutics 255-71.2001;
[76]
Panza JA, Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA. Circadian variation in vascular tone and its relation to alpha-sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. N Engl J Med 1991; 325(14): 986-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199110033251402] [PMID: 1886635]
[77]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, Rodriguez M, Chayan L, Lopez JE. Administration time-dependent effects of nebivolol on the diurnal/nocturnal blood pressure ratio in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2006; 24: S89-99.
[78]
Calvo C, Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Lopez JE, Dominguez MJ, Covelo M. Effects of nebivolol monotherapy on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with grade 1–2 essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2004; 22: S386-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200406002-01357]
[79]
Shiga T, Fujimura A, Tateishi T, Ohashi K, Ebihara A. Differences of chronopharmacokinetic profiles between propranolol and atenolol in hypertensive subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 33(8): 756-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb05620.x] [PMID: 8408738]
[80]
Lemmer B. Temporal aspects in the effects of cardiovascular active drugs in man. Chronopharmacology- Cellular and biochemical interactions 525-42.1989;
[81]
Lemmer B, Portaluppi F. Chronopharmacology of cardiovascular diseases 1997.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09355-9_10]
[82]
Lemmer B, Witte K. Chronopharmacological aspects of coronary heart disease Triggering of acute coronary heart disease- implications for prevention 295-308.1996;
[83]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, et al. Administration time-dependent effects of valsartan on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2003; 42(3): 283-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000084855.32823.DA] [PMID: 12874091]
[84]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, et al. Administration time-dependent effects of valsartan on ambulatory blood pressure in elderly hypertensive subjects. Chronobiol Int 2005; 22(4): 755-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420520500180488] [PMID: 16147905]
[85]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, et al. Treatment of non-dipper hypertension with bedtime administration of valsartan. J Hypertens 2005; 23(10): 1913-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000182522.21569.c5] [PMID: 16148616]
[86]
Pechère-Bertschi A, Nussberger J, Decosterd L, et al. Renal response to the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 antagonist irbesartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1998; 16(3): 385-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199816030-00016] [PMID: 9557932]
[87]
Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fernández JR, Calvo C. Comparison of the efficacy of morning versus evening administration of telmisartan in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 50(4): 715-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.094235] [PMID: 17635851]
[88]
Eguchi K, Shimizu M, Hoshide S, Shimada K, Kario K. A bedtime dose of ARB was better than a morning dose in improving baroreflex sensitivity and urinary albumin excretion--the J-TOP study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 34(7): 488-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2012.666604] [PMID: 22533496]
[89]
Hermida RC, Calvo C, Ayala DE, Chayan L, Rodriguez M, Lopez JE. Chronotherapy with torasemide in hypertensive patients: increased efficacy and therapeutic coverage with bedtime as compared to morning administration. J Hypertens 2006; 24(4): S87.
[90]
Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, et al. Comparison of the effects on ambulatory blood pressure of awakening versus bedtime administration of torasemide in essential hypertension. Chronobiol Int 2008; 25(6): 950-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420520802544589] [PMID: 19005898]
[91]
Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, et al. Administration time-dependent effects of aspirin on blood pressure in untreated hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2003; 41(6): 1259-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000072335.73748.0D] [PMID: 12732586]
[92]
Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, López JE. Aspirin administered at bedtime, but not on awakening, has an effect on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46(6): 975-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.071] [PMID: 16168278]
[93]
Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Calvo C, et al. Differing administration time-dependent effects of aspirin on blood pressure in dipper and non-dipper hypertensives. Hypertension 2005; 46(4): 1060-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000172623.36098.4e] [PMID: 16087788]
[94]
Devangi RD, Shashirekha CH, Shruthi SL. A study of chronopharmacological relevance of antihypertensive drugs at a tertiary care hospital - A prospective observational study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 8(3): 446-52.
[95]
Cutler NR, Anders RJ, Jhee SS, et al. Placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of a controlled-onset, extended-release formulation of verapamil in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75(16): 1102-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80738-3] [PMID: 7762493]
[96]
Frishman WH, Glasser S, Stone P, Deedwania PC, Johnson M, Fakouhi TD. Comparison of controlled-onset, extended-release verapamil with amlodipine and amlodipine plus atenolol on exercise performance and ambulatory ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83(4): 507-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00904-7] [PMID: 10073852]
[97]
Sista S, Lai JC, Eradiri O, Albert KS. Pharmacokinetics of a novel diltiazem HCl extended-release tablet formulation for evening administration. J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 43(10): 1149-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091270003257214] [PMID: 14517197]
[98]
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/021438s011lbl.pdf
[99]
Rajkumar LA, Kumar SV. Evaluation of chronosensitivity & chronopharmacology of some centrally acting potential drugs in albino wistar rats 2010.
[100]
Almirall J, Comas L, Martínez-Ocaña JC, Roca S, Arnau A. Effects of chronotherapy on blood pressure control in non-dipper patients with refractory hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27(5): 1855-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr557] [PMID: 21940489]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
39
4
1
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy