Abstract
Background: The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is one of the world’s most serious stored grain insect pests. A method of early and rapid identification of red flour beetle in stored products is urgently required to improve control options. Specific chemical signals identified as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that are released by the beetle can serve as biomarkers.
Methods: The Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique and the analytical conditions with GC and GCMS were optimised and validated for the determination of VOCs released from T. castaneum.
Results: The 50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS SPME fibre was selected for extraction of VOCs from T. castaneum. The efficiency of extraction of VOCs was significantly affected by the extraction time, temperature, insect density and type of SPME fibre. Twenty-three VOCs were extracted from insects in 4 mL flask at 35 ± 1°C for four hours of extraction and separated and identified with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The major VOCs or chemical signals from T. castaneum were 1-pentadecene, p-Benzoquinone, 2-methyl- and p-Benzoquinone, 2-ethyl.
Conclusion: This study showed that HS-SPME GC technology is a robust and cost-effective method for extraction and identification of the unique VOCs produced by T. castaneum. Therefore, this technology could lead to a new approach in the timely detection of T. castaneum and its subsequent treatment.
Keywords: Biomarkers, Headspace-SPME, red flour beetle, stored grain insects, Tribolium castaneum, VOCs.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Neethirajan, S.; Karunakaran, C.; Jayas, D.; White, N. Detection techniques for stored-product insects in grain. Food Control, 2007, 18, 157-162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.09.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.09.008]
[2]
Arbogast, R. Beetles: coleoptera. Ecology and management of food-industry pests FDA. Tech. Bull., 1991, 4, 131-176.
[3]
Lorini, I.; Ferreira Filho, A. Integrated pest management strategies used in stored grain in Brazil to manage phosphine resistance. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products; Gold-Coast Australia, 2004, pp. 293-300. Available from: https://www.alice.cnptia. embrapa.br/bitstream/ doc/841164/1/SP15442.pdf
[4]
Hameed, A.; Freed, S.; Hussain, A.; Iqbal, M.; Hussain, M.; Naeem, M. Toxicological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica), Kanair (Nerium oleander) and spinosad (Tracer 240 SC) on the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)(Herbst.). Afr. J. Agric. Res., 2012, 7, 555-560.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093402]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093402]
[5]
Trematerra, P.; Sciarreta, A.; Tamasi, E. Behavioural responses of Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum to naturally and artificially damaged durum wheat kernels. Entom. Exper. Appl., 2000, 94, 195-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00619.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00619.x]
[6]
Bennett, J.W.; Inamdar, A.A. Are some fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mycotoxins? Toxins (Basel), 2015, 7(9), 3785-3804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7093785] [PMID: 26402705]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7093785] [PMID: 26402705]
[7]
Laopongsit, W.; Srzednicki, G.; Craske, J. Preliminary study of solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) as a method for detecting insect infestation in wheat grain. J. Stored Prod. Res., 2014, 59, 88-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.06.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.06.002]
[8]
Laothawornkitkul, J.; Jansen, R.; Smid, H.; Bouwmeester, H.; Muller, J.; Van Bruggen, A. Volatile organic compounds as a diagnostic marker of late blight infected potato plants: A pilot study. Crop Prot., 2010, 29, 872-878.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.003]
[9]
Niu, Y.; Hardy, G.; Hua, L.; Trengove, R.; Agarwal, M.; Cheng, H. Optimization of HS-SPME-GC method for detection of stored grain insects., 2012. Available from: http://researchrepository.murdoch. edu.au/id/eprint/38564/
[10]
Niu, Y.; Hua, L.; Hardy, G.; Agarwal, M.; Ren, Y. Analysis of volatiles from stored wheat and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2016, 96(5), 1697-1703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7274] [PMID: 26018460]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7274] [PMID: 26018460]
[11]
Qiu, R.; Qu, D.; Trengove, R.; Agarwal, M.; Hardy, G.E.S.J.; Ren, Y. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry for analysis of VOCs produced by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Dis., 2014, 98, 1099-1105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0049-RE]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0049-RE]
[12]
Balasubramanian, S.; Panigrahi, S. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques for quality characterization of food products: A review. Food Biop. Tech, 2011, 4, 1-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-009-0299-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-009-0299-3]
[13]
Xia, J. Wishart, DS Using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 for comprehensive metabolomics data analysis. Curr. Protoc. Bioinformatics, 2016, 14, 1-91.
[14]
Davoli, E.; Gangai, M.L.; Morselli, L.; Tonelli, D. Characterisation of odorants emissions from landfills by SPME and GC/MS. Chemosphere, 2003, 51(5), 357-368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00845-7] [PMID: 12598001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00845-7] [PMID: 12598001]
[15]
Jeleń, H.H.; Obuchowska, M.; Zawirska-Wojtasiak, R.; Wasowicz, E. Headspace solid-phase microextraction use for the characterization of volatile compounds in vegetable oils of different sensory quality. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48(6), 2360-2367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf991095v] [PMID: 10888550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf991095v] [PMID: 10888550]
[16]
Tuduri, L.; Desauziers, V.; Fanlo, J.L. Potential of solid-phase microextraction fibers for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in air. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2001, 39(12), 521-529.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/39.12.521] [PMID: 11767240]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/39.12.521] [PMID: 11767240]
[17]
Garcia-Esteban, M.; Ansorena, D.; Astiasarán, I.; Ruiz, J. Study of the effect of different fiber coatings and extraction conditions on dry cured ham volatile compounds extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Talanta, 2004, 64, 458-466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.007]
[18]
Gianelli, M.P.; Flores, M.; Toldra, F. Optimisation of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the analysis of volatile compounds in dry‐cured ham. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2002, 82, 1703-1709.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1249]
[19]
Marco, A.; Navarro, J.; Flores, M. Volatile compounds of dry-fermented sausages as affected by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Food Chem., 2004, 84, 633-641.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00288-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00288-7]
[20]
Matisová, E.; Sedláková, J.; Slezáčková, M.; Welsch, T. solid‐phase microextraction of volatile polar compounds in water. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 1999, 22, 109-115.
[21]
Sostaric, T.; Boyce, M.C.; Spickett, E.E. Analysis of the volatile components in vanilla extracts and flavorings by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48(12), 5802-5807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000515+] [PMID: 11141252]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000515+] [PMID: 11141252]
[22]
Risticevic, S.; Lord, H.; Górecki, T.; Arthur, C.L.; Pawliszyn, J. Protocol for solid-phase microextraction method development, 2010.https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2009
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.179]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.179]
[23]
Kleeberg, K.K.; Liu, Y.; Jans, M.; Schlegelmilch, M.; Streese, J.; Stegmann, R. Development of a simple and sensitive method for the characterization of odorous waste gas emissions by means of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC-MS/olfactometry. Waste Manag., 2005, 25(9), 872-879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.003] [PMID: 16129593]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.003] [PMID: 16129593]
[24]
Guerenstein, P.G.; Hildebrand, J.G. Roles and effects of environmental carbon dioxide in insect life. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 2008, 53, 161-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093402] [PMID: 17803457]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093402] [PMID: 17803457]
[25]
Nicolas, G.; Sillans, D. Immediate and latent effects of carbon dioxide on insects., Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1989, 34, 97-116.
https://www. annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.en.34010189.000525?casa_token=7f058_oSSY4AAAAA:04ImiRD2Ru
Gq85-
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.000525]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.000525]
[26]
Arnaud, L.; Lognay, G.; Verscheure, M.; Leenaers, L.; Gaspar, C.; Haubruge, E. Is dimethyldecanal a common aggregation pheromone of Tribolium flour beetles? J. Chem. Ecol., 2002, 28(3), 523-532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014587927784] [PMID: 11944829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014587927784] [PMID: 11944829]
[27]
Keville, R.; Kannowski, P.B. Sexual excitation by pheromones of the confused flour beetle. J. Insect Physiol., 1975, 21, 81-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(75)90070-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(75)90070-0]
[28]
Villaverde, M.L.; Juárez, M.P.; Mijailovsky, S. Detection of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) volatile defensive secretions by solid phase microextraction–capillary gas chromatography (SPME-CGC). J. Stored Prod. Res., 2007, 43, 540-545.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2007.03.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2007.03.003]
[29]
Niu, Y.; Hardy, G.; Agarwal, M.; Hua, L.; Ren, Y. Characterization of volatiles Tribolium castaneum (H.) in flour using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS). Food Sci. Hum. Wellness, 2016, 5, 24-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2015.11.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2015.11.002]
[30]
Hodges, R.; Robinson, R.; Hall, D. Quinone contamination of dehusked rice by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res., 1996, 32, 31-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(95)00036-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(95)00036-7]
[31]
Unruh, L.M.; Xu, R.; Kramer, K.J. Benzoquinone levels as a function of age and gender of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Insect Bio. Molec. Biol., 1998, 28, 969-977.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-1748(98)00085-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-1748(98)00085-X]
Article Metrics
18
2