Abstract
Background: Sulfites are widely used as preservatives in the foods and pharmaceutical agents. It has been demonstrated that sulfites can react with a variety of cellular components and cause toxicity.
Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ingested sodium metabisulfite (SMB) on serum antioxidant status in rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and treated groups. Treated groups received 10, 100, and 260 mg/kg body weight of SMB for 28 days. After 28 days, serum was assayed for measuring superoxide dismtase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) activities, glutathion (GSH) level and lipid peroxidation. Results: The results showed that the activities of GPx, GR, CAT and GSH levels were significantly decreased in 100 and 260 mg/kg SMB treated rats, while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in 260 mg/kg treated group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: It is concluded that SMB administration as dose-dependent is associated with decreased serum antioxidant enzyme activities and increased lipid peroxidation.Keywords: Antioxidants, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, preservatives, stress oxidative, sulfite.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Vally H, Misso NL. Adverse reactions to the sulphite additives. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2012; 5(1): 16-23.
[PMID: 24834193]
[PMID: 24834193]
[2]
Kocamaz E, Adiguzel E, Er B, Gundogdu G, Kucukatay V. Sulfite leads to neuron loss in the hippocampus of both normal and SOX-deficient rats. Neurochem Int 2012; 61(3): 341-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.010] [PMID: 22709673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.010] [PMID: 22709673]
[3]
Herken EN, Kocamaz E, Erel O, Celik H, Kucukatay V. Effect of sulfite treatment on total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, lipid hydroperoxide, and total free sulfydryl groups contents in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient rat plasma. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 25(4): 355-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10565-008-9089-3] [PMID: 18553142]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10565-008-9089-3] [PMID: 18553142]
[4]
Ercan S, Kencebay C, Basaranlar G, Ozcan F, Derin N, Aslan M. Induction of omega 6 inflammatory pathway by sodium metabisulfite in rat liver and its attenuation by ghrelin. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14: 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0008-3] [PMID: 25889219]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-015-0008-3] [PMID: 25889219]
[5]
Ranguelova K, Rice AB, Khajo A, et al. Formation of reactive sulfite-derived free radicals by the activation of human neutrophils: an ESR study. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52(8): 1264-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.016] [PMID: 22326772]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.016] [PMID: 22326772]
[6]
Velayutham M, Hemann CF, Cardounel AJ, Zweier JL. Sulfite oxidase activity of cytochrome C: role of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5: 96-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.025] [PMID: 26709389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.025] [PMID: 26709389]
[7]
Ozturk OH, Oktar S, Aydin M, Kucukatay V. Effect of sulfite on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient rat erythrocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66(3): 205-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13105-010-0025-7] [PMID: 20571963]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13105-010-0025-7] [PMID: 20571963]
[8]
Adebayo OL, Adenuga GA. Oxidative damage on the testes of adult rats by sodium metabisulfite (MBS). Int J Biol Chem Sci 2012; 6: 738-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i2.17]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i2.17]
[9]
Niknahad H, O’Brien PJ. Mechanism of sulfite cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 174(3): 147-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.032] [PMID: 18579106]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.032] [PMID: 18579106]
[10]
Liu Z, Zhou T, Ziegler AC, Dimitrion P, Zuo L. Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 20172525967
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2525967] [PMID: 28785371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2525967] [PMID: 28785371]
[11]
Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neuropharmacol 2009; 7(1): 65-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015909787602823] [PMID: 19721819]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015909787602823] [PMID: 19721819]
[12]
Ozturk N, Yargicoglu P, Derin N, Akpinar D, Agar A, Aslan M. Dose-dependent effect of nutritional sulfite intake on visual evoked potentials and lipid peroxidation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33(2): 244-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.09.002] [PMID: 20875852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.09.002] [PMID: 20875852]
[13]
Nair B, Elmore AR. Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, ammonium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, ammonium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite and potassium metabisulfite. Int J Toxicol 2003; 22(Suppl. 2): 63-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810305077X] [PMID: 14555420]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810305077X] [PMID: 14555420]
[14]
Shekarforoush S, Ebrahimi Z, Hoseini M. Sodium metabisulfite-induced changes on testes, spermatogenesis and epididymal morphometric values in adult rats. Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd) 2015; 13(12): 765-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijrm.13.12.765] [PMID: 27141536]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijrm.13.12.765] [PMID: 27141536]
[15]
Rezaee N, Nematollahi Z, Shekarfroush S, Hoseini E. Effect of sodium metabisulfite on rat ovary and lipid peroxidation. Iranian J Toxicol 2016; 10: 23-8.
[16]
Mihara M, Uchiyama M. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal Biochem 1978; 86(1): 271-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(78)90342-1] [PMID: 655387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(78)90342-1] [PMID: 655387]
[17]
Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959; 82(1): 70-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6] [PMID: 13650640]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6] [PMID: 13650640]
[18]
Fecondo JV, Augusteyn RC. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the human cataractous lens. Exp Eye Res 1983; 36(1): 15-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(83)90085-4] [PMID: 6825728]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(83)90085-4] [PMID: 6825728]
[19]
Carlberg I, Mannervik B. Glutathione reductase. Methods Enzymol 1985; 113: 484-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(85)13062-4] [PMID: 3003504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(85)13062-4] [PMID: 3003504]
[20]
Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984; 105: 121-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3] [PMID: 6727660]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3] [PMID: 6727660]
[21]
Winterbourn CC, Hawkins RE, Brian M, Carrell RW. The estimation of red cell superoxide dismutase activity. J Lab Clin Med 1975; 85(2): 337-41.
[PMID: 803541]
[PMID: 803541]
[22]
Ercan S, Basaranlar G, Gungor NE, et al. Ghrelin inhibits sodium metabisulfite induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat gastric mucosa. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56: 154-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.019] [PMID: 23439480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.019] [PMID: 23439480]
[23]
Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014; 2014360438
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438] [PMID: 24999379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438] [PMID: 24999379]
[24]
Zhu S, Zhao XE, Zhang W, et al. Fluorescence detection of glutathione reductase activity based on deoxyribonucleic acid-templated silver nanoclusters. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 786: 111-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.067] [PMID: 23790299]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.067] [PMID: 23790299]
[25]
Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J 2012; 5(1): 9-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613] [PMID: 23268465]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613] [PMID: 23268465]
[26]
Escudero-Lourdes C. Toxicity mechanisms of arsenic that are shared with neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment: role of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53: 223-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.002] [PMID: 26868456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.002] [PMID: 26868456]
[27]
Buijsse B, Lee DH, Steffen L, et al. Low serum glutathione peroxidase activity is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in individuals with low HDLc’s. PLoS One 2012; 7(6)e38901
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038901] [PMID: 22719980]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038901] [PMID: 22719980]
[28]
Meng Z. Oxidative damage of sulfur dioxide on various organs of mice: sulfur dioxide is a systemic oxidative damage agent. Inhal Toxicol 2003; 15(2): 181-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08958370304476] [PMID: 12528046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08958370304476] [PMID: 12528046]
[29]
Elmas O, Aslan M, Cağlar S, et al. The prooxidant effect of sodium metabisulfite in rat liver and kidney. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 42(1): 77-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.01.010] [PMID: 15896446]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.01.010] [PMID: 15896446]
[30]
Kucukatay V, Bor-Kucukatay M, Atsak P, Ağar A. Effect of ingested sulfite on hippocampus antioxidant enzyme activities in sulfite oxidase competent and deficient rats. Int J Neurosci 2007; 117(7): 971-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450600934085] [PMID: 17613108]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450600934085] [PMID: 17613108]
[31]
Ercan S, Oztürk N, Celik-Ozenci C, Gungor NE, Yargicoglu P. Sodium metabisulfite induces lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in rat gastric tissue. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26(7): 425-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233710369665] [PMID: 20504823]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233710369665] [PMID: 20504823]
Article Metrics
21
3
1
1