Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

The Natural Products Journal

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-3155
ISSN (Online): 2210-3163

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymus fontanesii Essential Oil from Algeria

Author(s): Sid Ali Lamia*, Brada Moussa, Fauconnier Marie-Laure and Lognay Georges

Volume 10, Issue 3, 2020

Page: [193 - 199] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/2210315508666180427162542

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Thymus fontanesii is one of the important Algerian plants, used traditionally to treat the cough and cold. In addition, it may help to protect the people against lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress and can be used as an antioxidant agent for the preservation of processed food.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of Algerian Thymus fontanesii essential oil and to test its antioxidant activity.

Methods: The oil was extracted by electromagnetic induction (EMI) heating assisted extraction and by hydrodistillation, and was analysed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three assays mainly: DPPH assay, reducing power and β-carotene/linoleic acid.

Results: The yield of the essential oil was varied from 2.1 ± 0.3 to 3.1 ± 0.1% (w/w), and from 1.8 ± 0.01 to 2.6 ± 0.02% (w/w), for the electromagnetic induction heating assisted extraction and hydrodistillation, respectively. Twenty seven components were identified representing 95.6 - 99.9% of the oil. Carvacrol (54.7 ± 1.2 - 63.9 ± 1.9%) was the major compound followed by p-cymene (9.2 ± 1.2 - 17.5 ± 1.2%) and γ-terpinene (8.8 ± 0.9 - 14.9 ± 0.8%). The Thymus fontanesii essential oil was found as a significant antioxidant with IC50 values ranging from 57.3 ± 1.4 to 236.7 ± 1.4 μg/mL, which were higher than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) choosing as reference (9.1 ± 1.2 to 67.8 ± 0.1 μg/mL).

Conclusion: The obtained results encourage the use of Thymus species with bioactive compounds for further food applications.

Keywords: Thymus fontanesii, electromagnetic induction heating, hydrodistillation, essential oil, chemical composition, antioxidant activity.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Stahl-Biskup, E.; Sáez, F. Thyme: The genus Thymus; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: London, 2002, p. 330.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203216859]
[2]
Giuliani, C.; Bini, L.M. Insight into the structure and chemistry of glandular trichomes of Labiatae, with emphasis on subfamily Lamioideae. Plant Syst. Evol., 2008, 276(3-4), 199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0085-0]
[3]
Morales, R. The history, botany and taxonomy of the genus. Thymus, 2002, 1-43.
[4]
Quezel, P.S. Nouvelle flore de l’Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales, CNRS: Paris. 1963, 7, 804-806.
[5]
Ghannadi, A.; Sajjadi, S.E.; Kabouche, A.; Kabouche, Z. Thymus fontanesii Boiss. & Reut.--A potential source of thymol-rich essential oil in North Africa. Z. Natforsch. C J. Biosci., 2004, 59(3-4), 187-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-3-410] [PMID: 15241923]
[6]
Mouhi, L.; Moghrani, H.; Nasrallah, N.; Amrane, A.; Maachi, R. Anti‐inflammatory activity of essential oil of an endemic Thymus fontanesii Boiss. & Reut. with chemotype carvacrol, and its healing capacity on gastric lesions. J. Food Biochem., 2017, 1-9.
[7]
Bekhechi, C.; Bekkara, F.A.; Abdelouahid, D.E.; Tomi, F.; Casanova, J. Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus fontanesii Boiss. et Reut. from Algeria. J. Essent. Oil Res., 2007, 19(6), 594-596.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2007.9699339]
[8]
Sidali, L.; Brada, M.; Fauconnier, M-L.; Lognay, G.; Heuskin, S. Chemical composition, acute toxicity, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of Thymus fontanesii essential oil from Algeria. PhytoChem Biosub J., 2017, 11(1), 11.
[9]
Dob, T.; Dahmane, D.; Benabdelkader, T.; Chelghoum, C. Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Thymus fontanesii. ‎. Pharm. Biol., 2006, 44(8), 607-612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200600897106]
[10]
Aouati, K.; Mebarki, N.; Ayadi, A.; Chader, H.; Nabiev, M.; Mansouri, M. Évaluation de l’activité antidermatophytique d’une formulation pâteuse à base de l’huile essentielle de Thymus fontanesii. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie. Elsevier Masson, 2011, 138(12), A193.
[11]
Adams, R. Quadrupole mass spectra of compounds listed in order of their retention time on DB-5.Identification of essential oils components by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spec-troscopy. Quadruple mass spectroscopy, 3rd ed; Allured Publishing Corporation: Carol Stream, IL, USA, 2001, p. 456.
[12]
Joulain, D.; König, W.A. The atlas of spectral data of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; EB-Verlag, 1998.
[13]
Babushok, V.; Linstrom, P.; Zenkevich, I. Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2011, 40(4)043101
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3653552]
[14]
Jamali, C.A.; Kasrati, A.; Bekkouche, K.; Hassani, L.; Wohlmuth, H.; Leach, D.; Abbad, A. Phenological changes to the chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil from Moroccan endemic thyme (Thymus maroccanus Ball). Ind. Crops Prod., 2013, 49, 366-372.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.05.016]
[15]
Hseu, Y-C.; Chang, W-H.; Chen, C-S.; Liao, J-W.; Huang, C-J.; Lu, F-J.; Chia, Y-C.; Hsu, H-K.; Wu, J-J.; Yang, H-L. Antioxidant activities of Toona Sinensis leaves extracts using different antioxidant models. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2008, 46(1), 105-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.07.003] [PMID: 17703862]
[16]
Miraliakbari, H.; Shahidi, F. Antioxidant activity of minor components of tree nut oils. Food Chem., 2008, 111(2), 421-427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.008] [PMID: 26047445]
[17]
Haddouchi, F.; Lazouni, H.A.; Meziane, A.; Benmansour, A. Etude physicochimique et microbiologique de l’huile essentielle de Thymus fontanesii Boiss & Reut. Afrique Science: Revue Internationale des Sciences et Technologie,, 2009, 5(2)
[18]
Yanishlieva, N.V.; Marinova, E.M.; Gordon, M.H.; Raneva, V.G. Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems. Food Chem., 1999, 64(1), 59-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00086-7]
[19]
Safaei-Ghomi, J.; Ebrahimabadi, A.H.; Djafari-Bidgoli, Z.; Batooli, H. GC/MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus caramanicus Jalas and its main constituent carvacrol. Food Chem., 2009, 115(4), 1524-1528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.051]
[20]
Quiroga, P.R.; Asensio, C.M.; Nepote, V. Antioxidant effects of the monoterpenes carvacrol, thymol and sabinene hydrate on chemical and sensory stability of roasted sunflower seeds. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2015, 95(3), 471-479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6744] [PMID: 24841286]
[21]
Viuda-Martos, M.; El Gendy, Ael-N.; Sendra, E.; Fernández-López, J.; Abd El Razik, K.A.; Omer, E.A.; Pérez-Alvarez, J.A. Chemical composition and antioxidant and anti-Listeria activities of essential oils obtained from some Egyptian plants. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58(16), 9063-9070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf101620c] [PMID: 20662540]
[22]
De Lisi, A.; Tedone, L.; Montesano, V.; Sarli, G.; Negro, D. Chemical characterisation of Thymus populations belonging from Southern Italy. Food Chem., 2011, 125(4), 1284-1286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.011]
[23]
Boira, H.; Blanquer, A. Environmental factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils in Thymus piperella L. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 1998, 26(8), 811-822.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(98)00047-7]
[24]
Bounatirou, S.; Smiti, S.; Miguel, M.G.; Faleiro, L.; Rejeb, M.N.; Neffati, M.; Costa, M.; Figueiredo, A.; Barroso, J.; Pedro, L. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils isolated from Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. Food Chem., 2007, 105(1), 146-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.059]
[25]
Kasrati, A.; Jamali, C.A.; Fadli, M.; Bekkouche, K.; Hassani, L.; Wohlmuth, H.; Leach, D.; Abbad, A. Antioxidative activity and synergistic effect of Thymus saturejoides Coss. essential oils with cefixime against selected food-borne bacteria. Ind. Crops Prod., 2014, 61, 338-344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.07.024]
[26]
Hazzit, M.; Baaliouamer, A.; Faleiro, M.L.; Miguel, M.G. Composition of the essential oils of Thymus and Origanum species from Algeria and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54(17), 6314-6321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0606104] [PMID: 16910725]
[27]
Nikolić, M.; Glamočlija, J.; Ferreira, I.C.; Calhelha, R.C.; Fernandes, Â.; Marković, T.; Marković, D.; Giweli, A.; Soković, M. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod., 2014, 52, 183-190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.006]
[28]
Tohidi, B.; Rahimmalek, M.; Arzani, A. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chem., 2017, 220, 153-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203] [PMID: 27855883]
[29]
Jabri-Karoui, I.; Bettaieb, I.; Msaada, K.; Hammami, M.; Marzouk, B. Research on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Tunisian Thymus capitatus. J. Funct. Foods, 2012, 4(3), 661-669.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.04.007]
[30]
Hazzit, M.; Baaliouamer, A.; Veríssimo, A.; Faleiro, M.; Miguel, M.G. Chemical composition and biological activities of Algerian Thymus oils. Food Chem., 2009, 116(3), 714-721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.018]
[31]
Sokmen, A.; Gulluce, M.; Akpulat, H.A.; Daferera, D.; Tepe, B.; Polissiou, M.; Sokmen, M.; Sahin, F. The in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of endemic Thymus spathulifolius. Food Control, 2004, 15(8), 627-634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.10.005]
[32]
Tepe, B.; Sokmen, M.; Akpulat, H.A.; Daferera, D.; Polissiou, M.; Sokmen, A. Antioxidative activity of the essential oils of Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus and Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. rosulans. J. Food Eng., 2005, 66(4), 447-454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.015]
[33]
Lehbili, M.; Chibani, S.; Kabouche, A.; Semra, Z.; Smati, F.; Abuhamdah, S.; Touzani, R.; Kabauche, Z. Composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Thymus guyonii de Noé from Algeria. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2013, 5(2), 306-310.
[34]
El Bouzidi, L.; Jamali, C.A.; Bekkouche, K.; Hassani, L.; Wohlmuth, H.; Leach, D.; Abbad, A. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from wild and cultivated Moroccan Thymus species. Ind. Crops Prod., 2013, 43, 450-456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.063]
[35]
Ertas, A.; Boga, M.; Yilmaz, M.A.; Yesil, Y.; Tel, G.; Temel, H.; Hasimi, N.; Gazioglu, I.; Ozturk, M.; Ugurlu, P. A detailed study on the chemical and biological profiles of essential oil and methanol extract of Thymus nummularius (Anzer tea): Rosmarinic acid. Ind. Crops Prod., 2015, 67, 336-345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.064]
[36]
Ruberto, G.; Baratta, M.T. Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chem., 2000, 69(2), 167-174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00247-2]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
10
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy