Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-6812
ISSN (Online): 2210-6820

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Prominent Visible Light Photocatalytic and Water Purification Activity of PbS/CdS/CdO Nanocomposite Synthesized via Simple Co-Precipitation Method

Author(s): Mohammad Sabet*, Marziyeh Mohammadi and Fatemeh Googhari

Volume 9, Issue 2, 2019

Page: [278 - 284] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/2210681208666180329152523

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Due to unique chemical and physical properties and potential application in many fields, nanostructured materials have attracted many attentions. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is a semiconductor that has a wide band gap of 2.42 eV at room temperature and can be served in solar cells and photoluminescence devices. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is a kind of attractive semiconductor material, and it is now widely used for optoelectronic applications. CdS nano and microstructures can be synthesized via different chemical methods such as microwave-solvothermal synthesis, surfactant-ligand coassisting solvothermal method and hydrothermal route. Also different morphologies of this semiconductor such as dendrites, nanorods, sphere-like, flakes, nanowires, flower-like shape triangular and hexagonal plates, were synthesized.

Methods: To synthesis of the nanocomposite, a simple co-precipitation method was served. In briefly, 0.1 g of Pb(NO3)2 was dissolved in the distilled water (Solution 1). Also different aqueous solutions were made from dissolving different mole ratio of Cd(NO3)2.6H2O respect to the lead source in the water (Solution 2). Two solutions were mixed together under vigorous stirring and then S2- solution (0.02 g thiourea in the water) was added to the Pb2+/Cd2+ solution. After that 0.1 g of CTAB as surfactant was added to the final solution. Finally to the synthesis of both sulfide and oxide nanostructures, NaOH solution was added to the prepared solution to obtain pH= 10. Distilled water and absolute ethanol were used to wash the obtained precipitate and then it dried at 80 °C for 8 h.

Results: From the XRD pattern it was found that the peaks placed at 24.9°, 27°, 44.1°, 48°, 52°, 54°, 57.8°, 66.8°, 71.2° are associated to CdS compound with hexagonal phase (JCPDS=00-001-0780) that belong to (100), (002), (110), (103), (112), (201), (202), (203), (211) Miller indices respectively. The Other peaks belong to PbS with hexagonal phase (JCPDS=01-078-1897), and CdO with cubic phase (JCPDS=00-001-1049). From SEM images, it was found by choosing the mole ratio to 1:1, very small and uniform particles were achieved. By increasing Pb2+/Cd2+ mole ratio to 1:2, very tiny particles aggregated together were achieved.

Conclusion: The results showed that the product can adsorb extra 80% of heavy metal ions from the water. So it can be said that the nanocomposite can be used in the water treatment due to its high photocatalytic and surface adsorption activities. In other words, it can remove heavy metals from the water and also decompose organic pollutions.

Keywords: Nanocomposite, inorganic, co-precipitation, photocatalyst, water treatment, synthesis.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Chen, C-C.; Herhold, A.; Johnson, C.; Alivisatos, A. Size dependence of structural metastability in semiconductor nanocrystals. Science, 1997, 276(5311), 398-401.
[2]
Fonoberov, V.; Pokatilov, E.; Balandin, A. Exciton states and optical transitions in colloidal CdS quantum dots: Shape and dielectric mismatch effects. Phys. Rev. B., 2002, 66(8)085310
[3]
Diaz, J.; Planelles, J. Theoretical characterization of triangular CdS nanocrystals: a tight-binding approach. Langmuir, 2004, 20(25), 11278-11284.
[4]
Arcoleo, V.; Goffredi, M.; Liveri, V.T. Calorimetric investigation of the formation of ZnS nanoparticles in w/o microemulsions. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 1998, 51(1), 125-133.
[5]
Fonoberov, V.A.; Pokatilov, E.P.; Fomin, V.M.; Devreese, J.T. Photoluminescence of tetrahedral quantum-dot quantum wells. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92(12)127402
[6]
Duan, X.; Huang, Y.; Agarwal, R.; Lieber, C.M. Single-nanowire electrically driven lasers. Nature, 2003, 421(6920), 241-245.
[7]
Liu, Y.; Zapien, J.; Geng, C.Y.; Shan, Y.; Lee, C.; Lifshitz, Y.; Lee, S. High-quality CdS nanoribbons with lasing cavity. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2004, 85, 3241.
[8]
Kar, S.; Satpati, B.; Satyam, P.; Chaudhuri, S. Synthesis and optical properties of CdS nanoribbons. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109(41), 19134-19138.
[9]
Jun, Y-w.; Lee, S-M.; Kang, N-J.; Cheon, J. Controlled synthesis of multi-armed CdS nanorod architectures using monosurfactant system. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123(21), 5150-5151.
[10]
Murugan, A.V.; Sonawane, R.; Kale, B.; Apte, S.; Kulkarni, A.V. Microwave–solvothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline cadmium sulfide. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2001, 71(1), 98-102.
[11]
Bao, C.; Jin, M.; Lu, R.; Xue, P.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, D.; Zhao, Y. Surfactant–ligand co-assisted solvothermal technique for the synthesis of different-shaped CdS nanorod-based materials. J. Solid State Chem., 2003, 175(2), 322-327.
[12]
Li, C.; Yang, X.; Yang, B.; Yan, Y.; Qian, Y. Growth of microtubular complexes as precursors to synthesize nanocrystalline ZnS and CdS. J. Cryst. Growth, 2006, 291(1), 45-51.
[13]
Qin, A-M.; Fang, Y-P.; Zhao, W-X.; Liu, H-Q.; Su, C-Y. Directionally dendritic growth of metal chalcogenide crystals via mild template-free solvothermal method. J. Cryst. Growth, 2005, 283(1), 230-241.
[14]
Gao, N.; Guo, F. A hydrothermal approach to flake-shaped CdS single crystals. Mater. Lett., 2006, 60(29), 3697-3700.
[15]
Zhao, F.; Su, Q.; Xu, N.; Ding, C.; Wu, M. Selectively hydrothermal and solvothermal growth of CdS nanospheres and nanorods: A facile way to tune finely optical properties. J. Mater. Sci., 2006, 41(5), 1449-1454.
[16]
Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Luo, T.; Qian, Y. A hydrothermal method to prepare the spherical ZnS and flower-like CdS microcrystallites. Mater. Lett., 2006, 60(29), 3627-3630.
[17]
Chen, M.; Pan, L.; Cao, J.; Ji, H.; Ji, G.; Ma, X.; Zheng, Y. Synthesis of CdS nanoplates by PAA-assisted hydrothermal approach. Mater. Lett., 2006, 60(29), 3842-3845.
[18]
Xu, L.; Zhang, W.; Ding, Y.; Yu, W.; Xing, J.; Li, F.; Qian, Y. Shape-controlled synthesis of PbS microcrystals in large yields via a solvothermal process. J. Cryst. Growth, 2004, 273(1), 213-219.
[19]
Zhang, Y.C.; Qiao, T.; Hu, X.Y.; Wang, G.Y.; Wu, X. Shape-controlled synthesis of PbS microcrystallites by mild solvothermal decomposition of a single-source molecular precursor. J. Cryst. Growth, 2005, 277(1), 518-523.
[20]
Wang, S.; Pan, A.; Yin, H.; He, Y.; Lei, Y.; Xu, Z.; Zou, B. Synthesis of PbS microcrystals via a hydrothermal process. Mater. Lett., 2006, 60(9), 1242-1246.
[21]
Zhou, S.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, L. Sonochemical synthesis of large-scale single-crystal PbS nanorods. J. Mater. Res., 2003, 18(05), 1188-1191.
[22]
Wang, S.F.; Gu, F.; Lü, M.K.; Zhou, G.J.; Zhang, A.Y. Sonochemical synthesis of PbS nanocubes, nanorods and nanotubes. J. Cryst. Growth, 2006, 289(2), 621-625.
[23]
Saraidarov, T.; Reisfeld, R.; Sashchiuk, A.; Lifshitz, E. Synthesis and characterization of PbS nanorods and nanowires. Phys. E Low-dimen. Sys. Nanostruct, 2007, 37(1), 173-177.
[24]
Zhang, W.; Yang, Q.; Xu, L.; Yu, W.; Qian, Y. Growth of PbS crystals from nanocubes to eight-horn-shaped dendrites through a complex synthetic route. Mater. Lett., 2005, 59(27), 3383-3388.
[25]
Zhang, Z.; Lee, S.H.; Vittal, J.J.; Chin, W.S. A simple way to prepare PbS nanocrystals with morphology tuning at room temperature. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(13), 6649-6654.
[26]
Zhou, G.; Lü, M.; Xiu, Z.; Wang, S.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, S. Controlled synthesis of high-quality PbS star-shaped dendrites, multipods, truncated nanocubes, and nanocubes and their shape evolution process. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(13), 6543-6548.
[27]
Ni, Y.; Wang, F.; Liu, H.; Yin, G.; Hong, J.; Ma, X.; Xu, Z. A novel aqueous-phase route to prepare flower-shaped PbS micron crystals. J. Cryst. Growth, 2004, 262(1), 399-402.
[28]
Sravani, C. Hussain, Reddy, P.J. Solar panel supplier selection for the photovoltaic system design by using fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches. J. Solar Energy Soc. India, 1996, 6, 1.
[29]
Su, L.; Grote, N.; Schmitt, F. Diffused planar InP bipolar transistor with a cadmium oxide film emitter. Electron. Lett., 1984, 20, 716.
[30]
Kondo, R.; Okimura, H.; Sakai, Y. Electrical properties of semiconductor photodiodes with semitransparent films. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1971, 10(11), 1547.
[31]
Benko, F.; Koffyberg, F. Quantum efficiency and optical transitions of CdO photoanodes. Solid State Commun., 1986, 57(12), 901-903.
[32]
Liu, Y.; Yin, C.; Wang, W.; Zhan, Y.; Wang, G. Synthesis of cadmium oxide nanowires by calcining precursors prepared in a novel inverse microemulsion. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 2002, 21(2), 137-139.
[33]
Zou, B.; Volkov, V.; Wang, Z. Optical properties of amorphous ZnO, CdO, and PbO nanoclusters in solution. Chem. Mater., 1999, 11(11), 3037-3043.
[34]
Liu, X.; Li, C.; Han, S.; Han, J.; Zhou, C. Synthesis and electronic transport studies of CdO nanoneedles. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 82(12), 1950-1952.
[35]
Dong, W.; Zhu, C. Optical properties of surface-modified CdO nanoparticles. Opt. Mater., 2003, 22(3), 227-233.
[36]
Xiaochun, W.; Rongyao, W.; Bingsuo, Z.; Li, W.; Shaomei, L.; Jiren, X.; Wei, H. Optical properties of nanometer-sized CdO organosol. J. Mater. Res., 1998, 13(03), 604-609.
[37]
Soofivand, F.; Mohandes, F.; Salavati-Niasari, M. Silver chromate and silver dichromate nanostructures: Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic properties. Mater. Res. Bull., 2013, 48(6), 2084-2094.
[38]
Amiri, O.; Emadi, H.; Hosseinpour-Mashkani, S.S.M.; Sabet, M.; Rad, M.M. Simple and surfactant free synthesis and characterization of CdS/ZnS core–shell nanoparticles and their application in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. RSC Adv., 2014, 4(21), 10990-10996.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
21
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy