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Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

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ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

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Review Article

Thymus as Incontrovertible Target of Future Immune Modulatory Therapeutics

Author(s): Ghulam Jilany Khan*, Abeeha Imtiaz, Wei Wang, Hong Duan, Hui Cao, Kefeng Zhai and Nongyue He*

Volume 24, Issue 14, 2024

Published on: 12 February, 2024

Page: [1586 - 1610] Pages: 25

DOI: 10.2174/0118715303283164240126104109

Price: $65

Abstract

Thymus plays a crucial role in cellular immunity by acting as a warehouse for proliferating and differentiating lymphocytes. Thymic stromal cells educate T-cells to differentiate self from non-self antigens while nurse cells and thymoproteasome play a major role in the maturation and differentiation of T-cells. The thymic conditions dictate T-cells to cope with the risk of cancer development. A study was designed to demonstrate potential mechanisms behind the failure to eliminate tumors and impaired immune surveillance as well as the impact of delay in thymus regression on cancer and autoimmune disorders. Scientific literature from Pubmed; Scopus; WOS; JSTOR; National Library of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland; The New York Academy of Medicine; Library of Speech Rehabilitation, NY; St. Thomas’ Hospital Library; The Wills Library of Guys Hospital; Repository of Kings College London; and Oxford Academic repository was explored for pathological, physiological, immunological and toxicological studies of thymus. Studies have shown that systemic chemotherapy may lead to micro inflammatory environment within thymus where conventionally and dynamically metastasized dormant cells seek refuge. The malfunctioning of the thymus and defective T and Treg cells, bypassing negative selection, contributes to autoimmune disorders, while AIRE and Fezf2 play significant roles in thymic epithelial cell solidity. Different vitamins, TCM, and live cell therapy are effective therapeutics. Vitamin A, C, D, and E, selenium and zinc, cinobufagin and dietary polysaccharides, and glandular extracts and live cell injections have strong potential to restore immune system function and thymus health. Moreover, the relationship between different ages/ stages of thymus and their corresponding T-cell mediated anti-tumor immune response needs further exploration.

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