Abstract
Background: Red meat from livestock is an excellent source of high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals.
Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the levels of two of the most toxic heavy metals; lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in meat and edible offal (liver and kidney) of livestock (sheep, buffalo, and cow) in Iran with assessing their health risk of developing cancer.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted covering ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Finally, data from 4 articles including 624 samples were analysed.
Results: Pooled results show that the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd were 0.18 mg/kg and 0.13 mg/kg respectively which were both higher than their eligible maximum limits by FAO/WHO. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of Pb and Cd in meat, liver, and kidney for adults and children was lower than the Total Daily Intake (TDI) limits. The consumers' non-carcinogenic risk (THQ) for meat consumption was generally safe in terms of Cd and Pb in all cities except for Pb in Hamadan which was greater than one (unsafe) for both adults and children. Carcinogenic Risk (CR) for meat consumption was generally safe or within the acceptable range in terms of Cd and Pb in all cities except for Pb in Hamadan which had a Pb-CR greater than safe/permissible level for children.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the dangerous levels of CR and THQ of meat in terms of Pb in Hamadan warrant concern and further study.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Williams P, Droulez V, Levy G, Stobaus T. Composition of Australian red meat 2002. 1. Gross composition. University of Wollongong 2006.
[2]
Williams P, Droulez V, Levy G, Stobaus T. Composition of Australian red meat 2002. 3. Nutrient profile. University of Wollongong 2007.
[3]
Kiefte-de Jong JC, Mathers JC, Franco OH. Nutrition and healthy ageing: The key ingredients. Proc Nutr Soc 2014; 73(2): 249-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0029665113003881] [PMID: 24503212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0029665113003881] [PMID: 24503212]
[4]
Sun Q, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: Results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172(7): 555-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2287] [PMID: 22412075]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2287] [PMID: 22412075]
[5]
Ahmad RS, Imran A, Hussain MB. Nutritional composition of meat. Meat science and nutrition. 2018; 61: pp. (10.5772)61-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77045]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.77045]
[6]
Falahi E, Ebrahimzadeh F, Anbari K. Determination of the causes of tendency toward red meat and meat products in the west of Iran. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17(4): 373-7.
[PMID: 23267400]
[PMID: 23267400]
[7]
Almasi PS. The impact of traditional medicine on iranian cuisine ingredients. Asian J Nat Appl Sci 2013; 2(3): 90-7.
[8]
Amerizadeh A, Gholizadeh M, Karimi R. Meta-analysis and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in muscles of commercial fishes in Caspian Sea. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195(4): 457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11076-1] [PMID: 36892688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11076-1] [PMID: 36892688]
[9]
Szyczewski P, Siepak J, Niedzielski P, Sobczyński T. Research on heavy metals in Poland. Pol J Environ Stud 2009; 18(5): 755.
[10]
Mendil D, Kiris T, Tuzen M, Soylak M. Separation-preconcentration of Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni in various water and food samples on Sepabeads SP-207. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013; 48(6): 1201-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12077]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12077]
[11]
Holman BWB, Fowler SM, Hopkins DL. Red meat (beef and sheep) products for an ageing population: A review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020; 55(3): 919-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14443]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14443]
[12]
Collado-López S, Betanzos-Robledo L, Téllez-Rojo MM, et al. Heavy metals in unprocessed or minimally processed foods consumed by humans worldwide: A scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19(14): 8651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148651] [PMID: 35886506]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148651] [PMID: 35886506]
[13]
Abdel-Rahman GN-E. Heavy metals, definition, sources of food contamination, incidence, impacts and remediation: A literature review with recent updates. Egypt J Chem 2022; 65(1): 419-37.
[14]
Atangana E. Production, disposal, and efficient technique used in the separation of heavy metals from red meat abattoir wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27(9): 9424-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06850-z] [PMID: 31916175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06850-z] [PMID: 31916175]
[15]
Li G, Xiong C, Xu W, Mei R, Cheng T, Yu X. Factors affecting the aluminum, arsenic, cadmium and lead concentrations in the knee joint structures. Front Public Health 2021; 9: 758074.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.758074] [PMID: 35004576]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.758074] [PMID: 35004576]
[16]
Påhlsson A-MB. Toxicity of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) to vascular plants: A literature review. Water Air Soil Pollut 1989; 47: 287-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279329]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279329]
[17]
Fasae KD, Abolaji AO. Interactions and toxicity of non-essential heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Hg): lessons from Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2022; 51: 100900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2022.100900] [PMID: 35272079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2022.100900] [PMID: 35272079]
[18]
Hassan Emami M, Saberi F, Mohammadzadeh S, et al. A review of heavy metals accumulation in red meat and meat products in the middle east. J Food Prot 2023; 86(3): 100048.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100048] [PMID: 36916555]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100048] [PMID: 36916555]
[19]
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009; 339(1): b2535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535] [PMID: 19622551]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535] [PMID: 19622551]
[20]
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003; 327(7414): 557-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557] [PMID: 12958120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557] [PMID: 12958120]
[21]
DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986; 7(3): 177-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2] [PMID: 3802833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2] [PMID: 3802833]
[22]
Abedi AS, Nasseri E, Esfarjani F, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F, Hashemi MM, Hoseini H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of lead and cadmium concentrations in cow milk in Iran and human health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27(10): 10147-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07989-w] [PMID: 32060829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07989-w] [PMID: 32060829]
[23]
Castorina R, Woodruff TJ. Assessment of potential risk levels associated with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference values. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111(10): 1318-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6185] [PMID: 12896853]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6185] [PMID: 12896853]
[24]
Mahmoudi R, Rahimi B, Hassanzadeh P, Ghajarbeygi P, Pakbin B. Lead concentration in the muscles of slaughtered buffalos in northwest regions of Iran. Electron Physician 2018; 10(1): 6148-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/6148] [PMID: 29588813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/6148] [PMID: 29588813]
[25]
Zeinali T, Salmani F, Naseri K. Dietary intake of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and lead through the consumption of meat, liver, and kidney and assessment of human health risk in Birjand, Southeast of Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191(2): 338-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-1637-6] [PMID: 30729389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-1637-6] [PMID: 30729389]
[26]
Bazargani-Gilani B, Pajohi-Alamoti M, Bahari A, Sari AA. Heavy metals and trace elements in the livers and kidneys of slaughtered cattle, sheep and goats. Iran J Toxicol 2016; 10(6): 7-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/arakmu.10.6.7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/arakmu.10.6.7]
[27]
Hashemi M. Heavy metal concentrations in bovine tissues (muscle, liver and kidney) and their relationship with heavy metal contents in consumed feed. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 154: 263-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.058] [PMID: 29476976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.058] [PMID: 29476976]
[28]
Magwedere K, Shimwino J, Hemberger Y, Hoffman LC, Midzi EM, Dziva F. Lead and cadmium levels in liver, kidney and muscle of harvested wild springbok ( Antidorcus marsupialis ) under extensive management in southern and southeastern namibia. S Afr J Wildl Res 2013; 43(1): 52-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.043.0110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.043.0110]
[29]
Barrasso R, Ceci E, Stinga L, Tantillo G, Bozzo G. Presence of cadmium residues in muscle, liver and kidney of Bubalus bubalis and histological evidence. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7(3): 7684.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.7684] [PMID: 30538963]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.7684] [PMID: 30538963]
[30]
Mohamed H, Haris P, Brima E. Estimated dietary intakes of toxic elements from four staple foods in Najran City, Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14(12): 1575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121575] [PMID: 29240693]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121575] [PMID: 29240693]
[31]
López-Alonso M, Miranda M, Benedito JL, Pereira V, García-Vaquero M. Essential and toxic trace element concentrations in different commercial veal cuts in Spain. Meat Sci 2016; 121: 47-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.05.013] [PMID: 27261950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.05.013] [PMID: 27261950]
[32]
Cheng J, Zhang X, Tang Z, Yang Y, Nie Z, Huang Q. Concentrations and human health implications of heavy metals in market foods from a Chinese coal-mining city. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 50: 37-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.01.011] [PMID: 28129581]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.01.011] [PMID: 28129581]
[33]
Waldner C, Checkley S, Blakley B, Pollock C, Mitchell B. Managing lead exposure and toxicity in cow-calf herds to minimize the potential for food residues. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14(6): 481-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400606] [PMID: 12423030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400606] [PMID: 12423030]
[34]
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Experientia Suppl 2012; 101: 133-64.
[PMID: 22945569]
[PMID: 22945569]
[35]
Baby J, Raj JS, Biby ET, et al. Toxic effect of heavy metals on aquatic environment. Int J Biol Chem Sci 2011; 4(4)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v4i4.62976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v4i4.62976]
[36]
Mahaffey KR. Environmental lead toxicity: Nutrition as a component of intervention. Environ Health Perspect 1990; 89: 75-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.908975] [PMID: 2088758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.908975] [PMID: 2088758]
[37]
Richardson M, Garner P, Donegan S. Interpretation of subgroup analyses in systematic reviews: A tutorial. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2018; 7(2): 192-8.
[38]
Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997; 315(7109): 629-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629] [PMID: 9310563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629] [PMID: 9310563]
[39]
Barnes DG, Dourson M, Dourson M, et al. Reference dose (RfD): Description and use in health risk assessments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1988; 8(4): 471-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(88)90047-5] [PMID: 3222488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(88)90047-5] [PMID: 3222488]
[40]
Javed M, Usmani N. Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal. Springerplus 2016; 5(1): 776-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2471-3] [PMID: 27386262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2471-3] [PMID: 27386262]
[41]
Pourjafari H, Rabiee S, Pourjafari B. Fetal deaths and sex ratio among progenies of workers at lead mine and dye-houses. Genetics in the 3rd. Millennium 2007; 5: 1057-60.
[42]
Shiri R, Ansari M, Ranta M, Falah-Hassani K. Lead poisoning and recurrent abdominal pain. Ind Health 2007; 45(3): 494-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.45.494] [PMID: 17634699]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.45.494] [PMID: 17634699]
