Abstract
To reduce the risk of insufficient nutrient intake, nutrient reference values for humans are set at the average nutrient need level without a safety margin. The vast majority of nations and areas in the globe set nutritional intake guidelines for their citizens. Currently, no harmonized nutrient reference value has been published, as well as the development of standards cannot be achieved through the use of formalized frameworks or terminology. The study's objective was to create recommendations for appropriate and secure micronutrient intake ranges that could be used to inform dietary advice. As relevant to the study, we examined micronutrient data from food intake surveys from representative nations. The comparison of national standards illustrates that the level of reference values for nutrient for individual countries is dependent on variables such as methodology, data sources, physical activity exemptions, standard body weights, and age range. In the current study, iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, B12, D and folate were identified as the most commonly under-consumed micronutrients. In this article, the level of six countries' standards are compared to the current reference values for nutrients. Further, numerous words for different dietary standards components are discussed, and a final set of harmonized reference nutrient intake for the dietary advice is provided.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1762_18] [PMID: 30666979]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa017] [PMID: 32161844]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01708.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7259] [PMID: 35464873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300057355] [PMID: 14619636]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001141] [PMID: 11683550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/23655]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8080468] [PMID: 27483313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674F] [PMID: 20200263]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002401] [PMID: 18498676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000077045] [PMID: 14988640]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408399209527576] [PMID: 1581009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00101.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.009] [PMID: 22114830]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1697S] [PMID: 15585790]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.10.018] [PMID: 23374621]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.061377] [PMID: 17600035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-017-0383-y] [PMID: 28612338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/6015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu2030299] [PMID: 22254022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001370] [PMID: 22332101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10060722] [PMID: 29867046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0567-x] [PMID: 32001810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nure.12001] [PMID: 23356638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2020.14042] [PMID: 32684759]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2006.02.002] [PMID: 16716475]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000463] [PMID: 22332061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa138] [PMID: 33491051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041022] [PMID: 32276435]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.118539] [PMID: 20181782]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2020.1801432] [PMID: 32779476]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu5093563] [PMID: 24036530]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040838] [PMID: 31013870]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.229708] [PMID: 27511929]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00039-X] [PMID: 26275329]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371618] [PMID: 26045325]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091132] [PMID: 30134568]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00293.x] [PMID: 20536778]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163] [PMID: 26069819]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.95.2.391] [PMID: 2914492]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181f17eed] [PMID: 21705865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7021081] [PMID: 25665158]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.03.005] [PMID: 17608242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.46] [PMID: 24667752]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1031155] [PMID: 15289425]
[PMID: 24592582]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061724] [PMID: 29891771]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13963] [PMID: 30239016]