Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Mini-Review Article

Antithrombotic Treatment in Coronary Artery Disease

Author(s): Gerasimos Siasos, Vasiliki Tsigkou, Evanthia Bletsa, Panagiota K. Stampouloglou, Evangelos Oikonomou*, Konstantinos Kalogeras, Ourania Katsarou, Theodoros Pesiridis, Manolis Vavuranakis and Dimitris Tousoulis

Volume 29, Issue 35, 2023

Published on: 12 September, 2023

Page: [2764 - 2779] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230830105750

Price: $65

Abstract

Coronary artery disease exhibits growing mortality and morbidity worldwide despite the advances in pharmacotherapy and coronary intervention. Coronary artery disease is classified in the acute coronary syndromes and chronic coronary syndromes according to the most recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Antithrombotic treatment is the cornerstone of therapy in coronary artery disease due to the involvement of atherothrombosis in the pathophysiology of the disease. Administration of antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants and fibrinolytics reduce ischemic risk, which is amplified early post-acute coronary syndromes or post percutaneous coronary intervention; though, antithrombotic treatment increases the risk for bleeding. The balance between ischemic and bleeding risk is difficult to achieve and is affected by patient characteristics, procedural parameters, concomitant medications and pharmacologic characteristics of the antithrombotic agents. Several pharmacological strategies have been evaluated in patients with coronary artery disease, such as the effectiveness and safety of antithrombotic agents, optimal dual antiplatelet treatment schemes and duration, aspirin de-escalation strategies of dual antiplatelet regimens, dual inhibition pathway strategies as well as triple antithrombotic therapy. Future studies are needed in order to investigate the gaps in our knowledge, including special populations.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Siasos G, Tsigkou V, Zaromytidou M, et al. Role of local coronary blood flow patterns and shear stress on the development of microvascular and epicardial endothelial dysfunction and coronary plaque. Curr Opin Cardiol 2018; 33(6): 638-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000571] [PMID: 30303854]
[2]
Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2020; 41(3): 407-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425] [PMID: 31504439]
[3]
Crea F, Libby P. Acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2017; 136(12): 1155-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029870] [PMID: 28923905]
[4]
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76(25): 2982-3021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010] [PMID: 33309175]
[5]
Komajda M, Cosentino F, Ferrari R, et al. Profile and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes in European Society of Cardiology member countries: The ESC EORP CICD-LT registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28(4): 432-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487320912491] [PMID: 33966083]
[6]
Yamamoto E, Siasos G, Zaromytidou M, et al. Low endothelial shear stress predicts evolution to high-risk coronary plaque phenotype in the future. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10(8): e005455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.005455] [PMID: 28768758]
[7]
Badimon L, Padró T, Vilahur G. Atherosclerosis, platelets and thrombosis in acute ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012; 1(1): 60-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2048872612441582] [PMID: 24062891]
[8]
Siasos G, Sara JD, Zaromytidou M, et al. Local low shear stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with nonobstructive coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71(19): 2092-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.073] [PMID: 29747829]
[9]
Monroe DM, Hoffman M, Roberts HR. Platelets and thrombin generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22(9): 1381-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000031340.68494.34] [PMID: 12231555]
[10]
Yun SH, Sim EH, Goh RY, Park JI, Han JY. Platelet activation: The mechanisms and potential biomarkers. BioMed Res Int 2016; 2016: 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9060143] [PMID: 27403440]
[11]
Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: Collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009; 373(9678): 1849-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1] [PMID: 19482214]
[12]
Sabouret P, Spadafora L, Fischman D, et al. De-escalation of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: Time to change our strategy? Eur J Intern Med 2023; 110: 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.12.008] [PMID: 36575107]
[13]
Cuisset T, Verheugt FWA, Mauri L. Update on antithrombotic therapy after percutaneous coronary revascularisation. Lancet 2017; 390(10096): 810-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31936-0] [PMID: 28831996]
[14]
Mangieri A, Gallo F, Sticchi A, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease: From the past to the future prospective. Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2020; 35(2): 117-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12928-020-00642-w] [PMID: 31970683]
[15]
Ishii M, Kuramitsu S, Yamanaga K, et al. Association of guideline-directed medical therapy adherence with outcomes after fractional flow reserve-based deferral of revascularization. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2022; 8(6): 600-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvac008] [PMID: 35108383]
[16]
Yeh RW, Secemsky EA, Kereiakes DJ, et al. Development and validation of a prediction rule for benefit and harm of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year after percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2016; 315(16): 1735-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.3775] [PMID: 27022822]
[17]
Costa F, van Klaveren D, James S, et al. Derivation and validation of the predicting bleeding complications in patients undergoing stent implantation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy (PRECISE-DAPT) score: A pooled analysis of individual-patient datasets from clinical trials. Lancet 2017; 389(10073): 1025-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30397-5] [PMID: 28290994]
[18]
Epstein FH, Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (1). N Engl J Med 1992; 326(4): 242-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199201233260406] [PMID: 1727977]
[19]
Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2021; 42(14): 1289-367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575] [PMID: 32860058]
[20]
Alnasser SMA, Huang W, Gore JM, et al. Late consequences of acute coronary syndromes: Global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) Follow-up. Am J Med 2015; 128(7): 766-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.12.007] [PMID: 25554379]
[21]
Mehran R, Pocock SJ, Nikolsky E, et al. A risk score to predict bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55(23): 2556-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.076] [PMID: 20513595]
[22]
Ndrepepa G, Berger PB, Mehilli J, et al. Periprocedural bleeding and 1-year outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions: Appropriateness of including bleeding as a component of a quadruple end point. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51(7): 690-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.040] [PMID: 18279731]
[23]
Correia LCL, Ferreira F, Kalil F, et al. Comparison of ACUITY and CRUSADE scores in predicting major bleeding during acute coronary syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105(1): 20-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20150058] [PMID: 26039664]
[24]
Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1988; 2(8607): 349-60.
[PMID: 2899772]
[25]
Mehta JL, Conti CR. Aspirin in myocardial ischemia: Why, when, and how much? Clin Cardiol 1989; 12(4): 179-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960120402] [PMID: 2653681]
[26]
Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(7): 494-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010746] [PMID: 11519503]
[27]
Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: A report of the american college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines: An update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of st-elevation myocardial infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-st-elevation acute coronary syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Circulation 2016; 134(10): e123-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000404] [PMID: 27026020]
[28]
Creager MA. Results of the CAPRIE trial: Efficacy and safety of clopidogrel. Vasc Med 1998; 3(3): 257-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358836X9800300314] [PMID: 9892520]
[29]
Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64(24): e139-228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.017] [PMID: 25260718]
[30]
Galli M, Franchi F, Rollini F, et al. Genetic testing in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Rationale, evidence and practical recommendations. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14(8): 963-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1927709] [PMID: 33993817]
[31]
Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, et al. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): A randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2010; 376(9748): 1233-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61088-4] [PMID: 20817281]
[32]
Pereira NL, Farkouh ME, So D, et al. Effect of genotype-guided oral P2Y12 inhibitor selection vs conventional clopidogrel therapy on ischemic outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2020; 324(8): 761-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12443] [PMID: 32840598]
[33]
Fanaroff AC, Hasselblad V, Roe MT, et al. Antithrombotic agents for secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2017; 241: 87-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.046] [PMID: 28320608]
[34]
Navarese EP, Khan SU, Kołodziejczak M, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of oral P2Y12 inhibitors in acute coronary syndrome. Circulation 2020; 142(2): 150-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046786] [PMID: 32468837]
[35]
Alagna G, Mazzone P, Contarini M, Andò G. Dual antiplatelet therapy with parenteral P2Y12 Inhibitors: Rationale, evidence, and future directions. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10(4): 163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10040163] [PMID: 37103042]
[36]
Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(2): 119-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393] [PMID: 28886621]
[37]
Ferri N, Corsini A, Bellosta S. Pharmacology of the new P2Y12 receptor inhibitors: Insights on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Drugs 2013; 73(15): 1681-709.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0126-z] [PMID: 24114622]
[38]
Cavender MA, Bhatt DL, Stone GW, et al. Consistent reduction in periprocedural myocardial infarction with cangrelor as assessed by multiple definitions. Circulation 2016; 134(10): 723-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020829] [PMID: 27482008]
[39]
Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW, et al. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: A pooled analysis of patient-level data. Lancet 2013; 382(9909): 1981-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61615-3] [PMID: 24011551]
[40]
Franchi F, Rollini F, Rivas A, et al. Platelet inhibition with cangrelor and crushed ticagrelor in patients with st-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2019; 139(14): 1661-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038317] [PMID: 30630341]
[41]
Gargiulo G, Marenna A, Sperandeo L, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of cangrelor in elective complex PCI: Insights from the POMPEII registry. EuroIntervention 2023; 18(15): 1266-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJ-D-22-00594] [PMID: 36512429]
[42]
Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, et al. A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 364(3): 226-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1002358] [PMID: 21247313]
[43]
Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJG, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: The PCI-CURE study. Lancet 2001; 358(9281): 527-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05701-4] [PMID: 11520521]
[44]
Khan SU, Singh M, Valavoor S, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention and drug-eluting stents. Circulation 2020; 142(15): 1425-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046308] [PMID: 32795096]
[45]
Valgimigli M, Frigoli E, Heg D, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI in patients at high bleeding risk. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(18): 1643-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2108749] [PMID: 34449185]
[46]
Yeh RW, Kereiakes DJ, Steg PG, et al. Benefits and risks of extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy after pci in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(20): 2211-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.003] [PMID: 25787199]
[47]
Palmerini T, Bruno AG, Gilard M, et al. Risk-benefit profile of longer-than-1-year dual-antiplatelet therapy duration after drug-eluting stent implantation in relation to clinical presentation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 12(3): e007541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.007541] [PMID: 30871353]
[48]
Mehran R, Baber U, Sharma SK, et al. Ticagrelor with or without aspirin in high-risk patients after PCI. N Engl J Med 2019; 381(21): 2032-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908419] [PMID: 31556978]
[49]
O’Donoghue ML, Murphy SA, Sabatine MS. The safety and efficacy of aspirin discontinuation on a background of a P2Y12 Inhibitor in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2020; 142(6): 538-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046251] [PMID: 32551860]
[50]
Kim BK, Hong SJ, Cho YH, et al. Effect of ticagrelor monotherapy vs. ticagrelor with aspirin on major bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. JAMA 2020; 323(23): 2407-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7580] [PMID: 32543684]
[51]
Watanabe H, Domei T, Morimoto T, et al. Effect of 1-month dual antiplatelet therapy followed by clopidogrel vs. 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy on cardiovascular and bleeding events in patients receiving PCI. JAMA 2019; 321(24): 2414-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.8145] [PMID: 31237644]
[52]
Hahn JY, Song YB, Oh JH, et al. Effect of P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy vs. dual antiplatelet therapy on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2019; 321(24): 2428-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.8146] [PMID: 31237645]
[53]
Parodi G, Valenti R, Bellandi B, et al. Comparison of prasugrel and ticagrelor loading doses in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: RAPID (rapid activity of platelet inhibitor drugs) primary PCI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61(15): 1601-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.024] [PMID: 23500251]
[54]
Montalescot G, van’t Hof AW, Lapostolle F, et al. Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(11): 1016-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1407024] [PMID: 25175921]
[55]
Pradhan A, Tiwari A, Caminiti G, et al. Ideal P2Y12 inhibitor in acute coronary syndrome: A review and current status. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19(15): 8977.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158977] [PMID: 35897347]
[56]
Collet JP, Huber K, Cohen M, et al. A direct comparison of intravenous enoxaparin with unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (from the ATOLL trial). Am J Cardiol 2013; 112(9): 1367-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.07.003] [PMID: 24012033]
[57]
Silvain J, Beygui F, Barthélémy O, et al. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 344(feb03 1): e553.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e553] [PMID: 22306479]
[58]
Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Schulz S, et al. Abciximab and heparin versus bivalirudin for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2011; 365(21): 1980-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109596] [PMID: 22077909]
[59]
Erlinge D, Omerovic E, Fröbert O, et al. Bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2017; 377(12): 1132-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1706443] [PMID: 28844201]
[60]
Bikdeli B, McAndrew T, Crowley A, et al. Individual patient data pooled analysis of randomized trials of bivalirudin versus heparin in acute myocardial infarction: Rationale and methodology. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120(2): 348-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700872] [PMID: 31820428]
[61]
Hess CN, James S, Lopes RD, et al. Apixaban plus mono versus dual antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66(7): 777-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.027] [PMID: 26271059]
[62]
Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, et al. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 366(1): 9-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112277] [PMID: 22077192]
[63]
Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(3): 267-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320] [PMID: 26320110]
[64]
Mukherjee D, Roffi M. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in 2008: Do they still have a role? J Interv Cardiol 2008; 21(2): 118-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2007.00344.x] [PMID: 18384343]
[65]
Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(25): 1895-903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200106213442503] [PMID: 11419426]
[66]
Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2019; 40(2): 87-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394] [PMID: 30165437]
[67]
De Luca G, Navarese E, Marino P. Risk profile and benefits from Gp IIb-IIIa inhibitors among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: A meta-regression analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2009; 30(22): 2705-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp118] [PMID: 19875386]
[68]
Valgimigli M. Pretreatment with P2Y12 inhibitors in non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome is clinically justified. Circulation 2014; 130(21): 1891-903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011319] [PMID: 25403595]
[69]
Roe MT, Armstrong PW, Fox KAA, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(14): 1297-309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1205512] [PMID: 22920930]
[70]
Wiviott SD, White HD, Ohman EM, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with or without angiography: A secondary, prespecified analysis of the TRILOGY ACS trial. Lancet 2013; 382(9892): 605-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61451-8] [PMID: 23953385]
[71]
Hsia RY, Shen YC. Percutaneous coronary intervention in the United States: Risk factors for untimely access. Health Serv Res 2016; 51(2): 592-609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12335] [PMID: 26174998]
[72]
Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(20): 2001-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706482] [PMID: 17982182]
[73]
Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(11): 1045-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0904327] [PMID: 19717846]
[74]
Schüpke S, Neumann FJ, Menichelli M, et al. Ticagrelor or prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2019; 381(16): 1524-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908973] [PMID: 31475799]
[75]
Sousa-Uva M, Neumann FJ, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 55(1): 4-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezy289] [PMID: 30165632]
[76]
Bueno H, Fernández-Avilés F. Use of risk scores in acute coronary syndromes. Heart 2012; 98(2): 162-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300129] [PMID: 22156037]
[77]
Collet JP, Cuisset T, Rangé G, et al. Bedside monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy for coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(22): 2100-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1209979] [PMID: 23121439]
[78]
Trenk D, Stone GW, Gawaz M, et al. A randomized trial of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with high platelet reactivity on clopidogrel after elective percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of drug-eluting stents: Results of the TRIGGER-PCI (testing platelet reactivity in patients undergoing elective stent placement on clopidogrel to guide alternative therapy with prasugrel) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59(24): 2159-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.026] [PMID: 22520250]
[79]
Yuan J, Xu GM, Ding J. Aspirin versus clopidogrel monotherapy for the treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Ther 2019; 36(8): 2062-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01004-6] [PMID: 31154631]
[80]
Calderone D, Ingala S, Mauro MS, Angiolillo DJ, Capodanno D. Appraising the contemporary role of aspirin for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2021; 19(12): 1097-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2021.2020100] [PMID: 34915778]
[81]
Jacobsen AP, Raber I, McCarthy CP, et al. Lifelong aspirin for all in the secondary prevention of chronic coronary syndrome. Circulation 2020; 142(16): 1579-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045695] [PMID: 32886529]
[82]
Committee CS. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996; 348(9038): 1329-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09457-3] [PMID: 8918275]
[83]
Bhatt DL, Fox KAA, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 2006; 354(16): 1706-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa060989] [PMID: 16531616]
[84]
Zhao Q, Zhu Y, Xu Z, et al. Effect of ticagrelor plus aspirin, ticagrelor alone, or aspirin alone on saphenous vein graft patency 1 year after coronary artery bypass grafting. JAMA 2018; 319(16): 1677-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3197] [PMID: 29710164]
[85]
Koo BK, Kang J, Park KW, et al. Aspirin versus clopidogrel for chronic maintenance monotherapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (HOST-EXAM): An investigator-initiated, prospective, randomised, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet 2021; 397(10293): 2487-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01063-1] [PMID: 34010616]
[86]
Galli M, Capodanno D, Andreotti F, Crea F, Angiolillo DJ. Safety and efficacy of P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20(1): 9-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2021.1850691] [PMID: 33180563]
[87]
Aradi D, Storey RF, Komócsi A, et al. Expert position paper on the role of platelet function testing in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J 2014; 35(4): 209-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht375] [PMID: 24067509]
[88]
Aradi D, Kirtane A, Bonello L, et al. Bleeding and stent thrombosis on P2Y12 -inhibitors: Collaborative analysis on the role of platelet reactivity for risk stratification after percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J 2015; 36(27): 1762-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv104] [PMID: 25896078]
[89]
Galli M, Franchi F, Rollini F, Angiolillo DJ. Role of platelet function and genetic testing in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2023; 33(3): 133-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2021.12.007] [PMID: 34936903]
[90]
Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Simon T, et al. Ticagrelor in patients with stable coronary disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019; 381(14): 1309-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908077] [PMID: 31475798]
[91]
Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(19): 1791-800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500857] [PMID: 25773268]
[92]
He M, Yan W, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of ticagrelor monotherapy vs. clopidogrel monotherapy on platelet reactivity: A randomized, crossover clinical study (SINGLE study). Platelets 2022; 33(8): 1146-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2022.2052036] [PMID: 35379064]
[93]
Liu Z, Tian R, Wang Y, et al. Platelet inhibition with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in diabetic patients after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic coronary syndromes. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120(8): 1221-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713375] [PMID: 32668483]
[94]
Koshy AN, Giustino G, Sartori S, et al. Ticagrelor vs. prasugrel in a contemporary real-world cohort undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2022; 15(22): 2270-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2022.09.021] [PMID: 36423970]
[95]
Otsuka T, Ueki Y, Kavaliauskaite R, et al. Single antiplatelet therapy with use of prasugrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 98(2): E213-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.29650] [PMID: 33754441]
[96]
Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(3): 213-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419] [PMID: 28886622]
[97]
Urban P, Meredith IT, Abizaid A, et al. Polymer-free drug-coated coronary stents in patients at high bleeding risk. N Engl J Med 2015; 373(21): 2038-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1503943] [PMID: 26466021]
[98]
Malik J, Yousaf H, Abbasi W, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of DAPT non-compliance in planned vs. ad hoc PCI in chronic coronary syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16(7): e0254941.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254941] [PMID: 34270595]
[99]
Costa F, Vranckx P, Leonardi S, et al. Impact of clinical presentation on ischaemic and bleeding outcomes in patients receiving 6- or 24-month duration of dual-antiplatelet therapy after stent implantation: A pre-specified analysis from the PRODIGY (Prolonging Dual-Antiplatelet Treatment After Grading Stent-Induced Intimal Hyperplasia) trial. Eur Heart J 2015; 36(20): 1242-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv038] [PMID: 25718355]
[100]
Gwon HC, Hahn JY, Park KW, et al. Six-month versus 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug-eluting stents: The Efficacy of Xience/Promus versus Cypher to Reduce Late Loss After Stenting (EXCELLENT) randomized, multicenter study. Circulation 2012; 125(3): 505-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.059022] [PMID: 22179532]
[101]
Feres F, Costa RA, Abizaid A, et al. Three vs. twelve months of dual antiplatelet therapy after zotarolimus-eluting stents: The OPTIMIZE randomized trial. JAMA 2013; 310(23): 2510-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.282183] [PMID: 24177257]
[102]
Udell JA, Bonaca MP, Collet JP, et al. Long-term dual antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in the subgroup of patients with previous myocardial infarction: A collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2015; 37(4): ehv443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv443] [PMID: 26324537]
[103]
Palmerini T, Benedetto U, Bacchi-Reggiani L, et al. Mortality in patients treated with extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation: A pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2015; 385(9985): 2371-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60263-X] [PMID: 25777667]
[104]
Navarese EP, Andreotti F, Schulze V, et al. Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2015; 350(apr16 25): h1618.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1618] [PMID: 25883067]
[105]
Benenati S, Crimi G, Canale C, et al. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy and subsequent monotherapy type in patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation: A network meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2022; 8(1): 56-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa127] [PMID: 33135064]
[106]
Bularga A, Meah MN, Doudesis D, et al. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy and stability of coronary heart disease: A 60 000-patient meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Open Heart 2021; 8(2): e001707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001707] [PMID: 34341097]
[107]
Osman M, Farjo PD, Osman K, et al. The dawn of aspirin free strategy after short term dual antiplatelet for percutaneous coronary intervention: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 49(2): 184-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11239-019-01997-5] [PMID: 31749123]
[108]
Kogame N, Guimarães PO, Modolo R, et al. Aspirin-free prasugrel monotherapy following coronary artery stenting in patients with stable CAD. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13(19): 2251-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2020.06.023] [PMID: 32950419]
[109]
Vranckx P, Valgimigli M, Jüni P, et al. Ticagrelor plus aspirin for 1 month, followed by ticagrelor monotherapy for 23 months vs. aspirin plus clopidogrel or ticagrelor for 12 months, followed by aspirin monotherapy for 12 months after implantation of a drug-eluting stent: A multicentre, open-label, randomised superiority trial. Lancet 2018; 392(10151): 940-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31858-0] [PMID: 30166073]
[110]
Alexander JH, Lopes RD, James S, et al. Apixaban with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011; 365(8): 699-708.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105819] [PMID: 21780946]
[111]
Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulants in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41(S4): S62-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02776-6] [PMID: 12644343]
[112]
Ynsaurriaga FA, Barrios V, Amaro MB, et al. Chronic coronary syndrome: Overcoming clinical practice guidelines. the role of the COMPASS strategy. Curr Cardiol Rev 2021; 17(3): 294-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573403X16999200817111150] [PMID: 32811401]
[113]
Weitz JI, Angiolillo DJ, Geisler T, Heitmeier S. Dual pathway inhibition for vascular protection in patients with atherosclerotic disease: Rationale and review of the evidence. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120(8): 1147-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713376] [PMID: 32594508]
[114]
Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2017; 377(14): 1319-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709118] [PMID: 28844192]
[115]
Sharma M, Hart RG, Connolly SJ, et al. Stroke outcomes in the COMPASS trial. Circulation 2019; 139(9): 1134-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035864] [PMID: 30667279]
[116]
Vanassche T, Verhamme P, Anand SS, et al. Risk factors and clinical outcomes in chronic coronary and peripheral artery disease: An analysis of the randomized, double-blind COMPASS trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 27(3): 296-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319882154] [PMID: 31615291]
[117]
Dagenais GR, Dyal L, Bosch JJ, et al. Cardiovascular consequences of discontinuing low-dose rivaroxaban in people with chronic coronary or peripheral artery disease. Heart 2021; 107(14): 1130-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318758] [PMID: 34021038]
[118]
Zhu H, Xu X, Fang X, et al. Efficacy and safety of long‐term antithrombotic strategies in patients with chronic coronary syndrome: A network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10(6): e019184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.019184] [PMID: 33682435]
[119]
Gilard M, Barragan P, Noryani AAL, et al. 6- versus 24-month dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug-eluting stents in patients nonresistant to aspirin: The randomized, multicenter ITALIC trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(8): 777-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.008] [PMID: 25461690]
[120]
Rathore SS, Berger AK, Weinfurt KP, et al. Acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrial fibrillation in the elderly: Prevalence and outcomes. Circulation 2000; 101(9): 969-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.9.969] [PMID: 10704162]
[121]
Goldberg RJ, Seeley D, Becker RC, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the in-hospital and long-term survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction: A community-wide perspective. Am Heart J 1990; 119(5): 996-1001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(05)80227-3] [PMID: 2330889]
[122]
Khan SU, Osman M, Khan MU, et al. Dual versus triple therapy for atrial fibrillation after percutaneous coronary intervention. Ann Intern Med 2020; 172(7): 474-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M19-3763] [PMID: 32176890]
[123]
Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 50(5): e1-e88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezw313] [PMID: 27663299]
[124]
Dewilde WJM, Janssen PW, Kelder JC, et al. Uninterrupted oral anticoagulation versus bridging in patients with long-term oral anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention: Subgroup analysis from the WOEST trial. EuroIntervention 2015; 11(4): 381-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJY14M06_07] [PMID: 24970794]
[125]
Fukaya H, Ako J, Yasuda S, et al. Aspirin versus P2Y12 inhibitors with anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation. Heart 2021; 107(21): 1731-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319321] [PMID: 34261738]
[126]
Hess CN, Peterson ED, Peng SA, et al. Use and outcomes of triple therapy among older patients with acute myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66(6): 616-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.062] [PMID: 26248987]
[127]
Sarafoff N, Martischnig A, Wealer J, et al. Triple therapy with aspirin, prasugrel, and vitamin K antagonists in patients with drug-eluting stent implantation and an indication for oral anticoagulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61(20): 2060-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.036] [PMID: 23524219]
[128]
Fiedler KA, Maeng M, Mehilli J, et al. Duration of triple therapy in patients requiring oral anticoagulation after drug-eluting stent Implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(16): 1619-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.050] [PMID: 25908066]
[129]
Dewilde WJM, Oirbans T, Verheugt FWA, et al. Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: An open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 381(9872): 1107-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62177-1] [PMID: 23415013]
[130]
Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C, et al. Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(25): 2423-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611594] [PMID: 27959713]
[131]
Lopes RD, Heizer G, Aronson R, et al. Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or pci in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019; 380(16): 1509-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1817083] [PMID: 30883055]
[132]
Cannon CP, Bhatt DL, Oldgren J, et al. Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after pci in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377(16): 1513-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1708454] [PMID: 28844193]
[133]
Vranckx P, Valgimigli M, Eckardt L, et al. Edoxaban-based versus vitamin K antagonist-based antithrombotic regimen after successful coronary stenting in patients with atrial fibrillation (ENTRUST-AF PCI): A randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet 2019; 394(10206): 1335-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31872-0] [PMID: 31492505]
[134]
Lopes RD, Hong H, Harskamp RE, et al. Optimal antithrombotic regimens for patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary Intervention. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5(5): 582-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.6175] [PMID: 32101251]
[135]
Milluzzo RP, Franchina GA, Capodanno D, Angiolillo DJ. Selatogrel, a novel P2Y12 inhibitor: A review of the pharmacology and clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29(6): 537-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2020.1764533] [PMID: 32396484]
[136]
Beavers CJ, Effoe SA, Dobesh PP. Selatogrel: A novel subcutaneous P2Y12 inhibitor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79(2): 161-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000001079] [PMID: 34132688]
[137]
Ungerer M, Rosport K, Bültmann A, et al. Novel antiplatelet drug revacept (Dimeric Glycoprotein VI-Fc) specifically and efficiently inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation without affecting general hemostasis in humans. Circulation 2011; 123(17): 1891-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.980623] [PMID: 21502572]
[138]
Schönberger T, Ziegler M, Borst O, et al. The dimeric platelet collagen receptor GPVI-Fc reduces platelet adhesion to activated endothelium and preserves myocardial function after transient ischemia in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303(7): C757-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2012] [PMID: 22814400]
[139]
Schönberger T, Siegel-Axel D, Bußl R, et al. The immunoadhesin glycoprotein VI-Fc regulates arterial remodelling after mechanical injury in ApoE−/− mice. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80(1): 131-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvn169] [PMID: 18566102]
[140]
Mayer K, Hein-Rothweiler R, Schüpke S, et al. Efficacy and safety of revacept, a novel lesion-directed competitive antagonist to platelet glycoprotein VI, in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention for stable ischemic heart disease. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6(7): 753-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0475] [PMID: 33787834]
[141]
Vootukuri S, Li J, Nedelman M, et al. Preclinical studies of RUC-4, a novel platelet αIIbβ3 antagonist, in non-human primates and with human platelets. J Clin Transl Sci 2019; 3(2-3): 65-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.382] [PMID: 31544007]
[142]
Aster RH, Curtis BR, Bougie DW, et al. Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors: Position paper of the ISTH working group on thrombocytopenia and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4(3): 678-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01829.x] [PMID: 16460451]
[143]
Li J, Vootukuri S, Shang Y, et al. RUC-4: A novel αIIbβ3 antagonist for prehospital therapy of myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34(10): 2321-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303724] [PMID: 25147334]
[144]
Bor WL, Zheng KL, Tavenier AH, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of subcutaneous administration of a novel glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, RUC-4, in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. EuroIntervention 2021; 17(5): e401-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJ-D-21-00287] [PMID: 34031019]
[145]
Goldin M, Koulas I, Weitz JI, Spyropoulos AC. State-of-the-Art mini review: Dual-pathway inhibition to reduce arterial and venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122(8): 1279-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1778-1083] [PMID: 35189662]
[146]
Piccini JP, Caso V, Connolly SJ, et al. Safety of the oral factor XIa inhibitor asundexian compared with apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation (PACIFIC-AF): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, dose-finding phase 2 study. Lancet 2022; 399(10333): 1383-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00456-1] [PMID: 35385695]
[147]
Rao SV, Kirsch B, Bhatt DL, et al. A Multicenter, phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-finding trial of the oral factor XIa inhibitor asundexian to prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2022; 146(16): 1196-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061612] [PMID: 36030390]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy