Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Therapy

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1574-8855
ISSN (Online): 2212-3903

Review Article

An Update on the Role of Circadian Rhythms in Sleep Disorders

Author(s): Namra Aziz, Vipin Kumar Garg, Yadav Rupali Vinod, Arpit Gupta, Ankita Wal, Shruti Rathore and Pranay Wal*

Volume 19, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 11 September, 2023

Page: [302 - 316] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/1574885518666230818102714

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: The comprehension of the molecular, cellular, and biological mechanisms that underlie the management of the sleep-wake cycle, as well as the effects of circadian disruption on health and illness, has made significant strides.

Methods: An extensive literature review was done from the standard databases such as Scopus, Elsevier, and PubMed using standard keywords “Circadian rhythm”, and “sleep disorders”. In this section, we examined circadian biology and provided adetailed description of the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the most typical Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) seen in clinical practice.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the central circadian rhythm mechanism may be altered, or the intrinsic circadian clock and the environment may not be in sync, to produce circadian rhythm sleep disorders. As a consequence, we must focus on modifying our way of life in a constructive and healthy way. Even while the lifestyle is based on personal preferences and identities, it is important to examine it in isolation from its sociocultural environment.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Ghosh T, Ghosh A, Kumar A. Chronotherapeutic drug delivery: A way forward to treat rhythm guided diseases. J Pharm Sci Res 2017; 9(10): 1894-8.
[2]
Mansukhani MP, Kolla BP, Ramar K. International classification of sleep disorders 2 and American academy of sleep medicine practice parameters for central sleep apnea. Sleep Med Clin 2014; 9(1): 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2013.10.006]
[3]
43 Pigeon WR. Diagnosis, prevalence, pathways, consequences & treatment of insomnia. India33n. J Med Res 2010; 131: 321-32.
[4]
Ferrie JE, Kumari M, Salo P, Singh-Manoux A, Kivimäki M. Sleep epidemiology--a rapidly growing field. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40(6): 1431-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr203] [PMID: 22158659]
[5]
Shochat T. Impact of lifestyle and technology developments on sleep. Nat Sci Sleep 2012; 4: 19-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S18891] [PMID: 23616726]
[6]
Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. an American academy of sleep medicine review. Sleep 2007; 30(11): 1484-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.11.1484] [PMID: 18041481]
[7]
Fagiani F, Di Marino D, Romagnoli A, et al. Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7(1): 41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00899-y] [PMID: 35136018]
[8]
Panda S. Circadian physiology of metabolism. Science 2016; 354(6315): 1008-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4967] [PMID: 27885007]
[9]
Leng Y, Musiek ES, Hu K, Cappuccio FP, Yaffe K. Association between circadian rhythms and neurodegenerative diseases. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18(3): 307-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30461-7] [PMID: 30784558]
[10]
Devereux G. Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors. BMJ 2006; 332(7550): 1142-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142] [PMID: 16690673]
[11]
Xie Z, Chen F, Li WA, et al. A review of sleep disorders and melatonin. Neurol Res 2017; 39(6): 559-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1315864] [PMID: 28460563]
[12]
Archer SN, Carpen JD, Gibson M, et al. Polymorphism in the PER3 promoter associates with diurnal preference and delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep 2010; 33(5): 695-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.695] [PMID: 20469812]
[13]
Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ, et al. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep 2003; 26(4): 413-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.4.413] [PMID: 12841365]
[14]
Toh KL. Basic science review on circadian rhythm biology and circadian sleep disorders. Ann Acad Med Singap 2008; 37(8): 662-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N8p662] [PMID: 18797559]
[15]
Carpen JD, von Schantz M, Smits M, Skene DJ, Archer SN. A silent polymorphism in the PER1 gene associates with extreme diurnal preference in humans. J Hum Genet 2006; 51(12): 1122-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10038-006-0060-y] [PMID: 17051316]
[16]
Takano A, Uchiyama M, Kajimura N, et al. A missense variation in human casein kinase I epsilon gene that induces functional alteration and shows an inverse association with circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(10): 1901-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300503] [PMID: 15187983]
[17]
Hohjoh H, Takasu M, Shishikura K, Takahashi Y, Honda Y, Tokunaga K. Significant association of the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Neurogenetics 2003; 4(3): 151-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10048-002-0141-9] [PMID: 12736803]
[18]
Zhu L, Zee PC. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Neurol Clin 2012; 30(4): 1167-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.011] [PMID: 23099133]
[19]
Lamont EW, Legault-Coutu D, Cermakian N, Boivin DB. The role of circadian clock genes in mental disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2022.
[PMID: 17969870]
[20]
Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Shibui K, et al. Altered phase relation between sleep timing and core body temperature rhythm in delayed sleep phase syndrome and non-24-hour sleep–wake syndrome in humans. Neurosci Lett 2000; 294(2): 101-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01551-2] [PMID: 11058797]
[21]
Nesbitt AD. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10(S1) (Suppl. 1): S103-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2018.01.11] [PMID: 29445534]
[22]
Watanabe T, Kajimura N, Kato M, et al. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep 2003; 26(6): 657-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.6.657] [PMID: 14572116]
[23]
Aoki H, Ozeki Y, Yamada N. Hypersensitivity of melatonin suppression in response to light in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Chronobiol Int 2001; 18(2): 263-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100103190] [PMID: 11379666]
[24]
Gradisar M, Crowley SJ. Delayed sleep phase disorder in youth. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2013; 26(6): 580-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328365a1d4] [PMID: 24060912]
[25]
Halász P, Bódizs R, Parrino L, Terzano M. Two features of sleep slow waves: Homeostatic and reactive aspects: From long term to instant sleep homeostasis. Sleep Med 2014; 15(10): 1184-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.06.006] [PMID: 25192672]
[26]
Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Shibui K, et al. Poor compensatory function for sleep loss as a pathogenic factor in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep 2000; 23(4): 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/23.4.1h] [PMID: 10875562]
[27]
Toh KL, Jones CR, He Y, et al. An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science 2001; 291(5506): 1040-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1057499] [PMID: 11232563]
[28]
Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Dierkhising RA, Sharma RG, Slocumb NL. Light exposure among adolescents with delayed sleep phase disorder: A prospective cohort study. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28(10): 911-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2011.619906] [PMID: 22080736]
[29]
Crowley SJ, Carskadon MA. Modifications to weekend recovery sleep delay circadian phase in older adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27(7): 1469-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2010.503293] [PMID: 20795887]
[30]
Xu Y, Padiath QS, Shapiro RE, et al. Functional consequences of a CKIδ mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Nature 2005; 434(7033): 640-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03453] [PMID: 15800623]
[31]
Gradisar M, Dohnt H, Gardner G, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy plus bright light therapy for adolescent delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep 2011; 34(12): 1671-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1432] [PMID: 22131604]
[32]
Richardson C, Cain N, Bartel K, Micic G, Maddock B, Gradisar M. A randomised controlled trial of bright light therapy and morning activity for adolescents and young adults with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Sleep Med 2018; 45: 114-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.02.001] [PMID: 29680419]
[33]
Bloom HG, Ahmed I, Alessi CA, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the assessment and management of sleep disorders in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5): 761-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02220.x] [PMID: 19484833]
[34]
Rufiange M, Dumont M, Lachapelle P. Correlating retinal function with melatonin secretion in subjects with an early or late circadian phase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43(7): 2491-9.
[PMID: 12091455]
[35]
Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, et al. Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American academy of sleep medicine report. Sleep 2007; 30(11): 1445-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.11.1445] [PMID: 18041479]
[36]
Bartlett DJ, Biggs SN, Armstrong SM. Circadian rhythm disorders among adolescents: Assessment and treatment options. Med J Aust 2013; 199(S8): S16-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10912] [PMID: 24138360]
[37]
Chuah LYM, Chee MWL. Treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders with light. Ann Acad Med Singap 2008; 37(8): 669-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V37N8p669] [PMID: 18797560]
[38]
Marwaha S, Johnson S. Schizophrenia and employment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004; 39(5): 337-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0762-4] [PMID: 15133589]
[39]
Bharucha AE, Dunivan G, Goode PS, et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and classification of fecal incontinence: state of the science summary for the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (NIDDK) workshop. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110(1): 127-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.396] [PMID: 25533002]
[40]
Zee PC, Vitiello MV. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder: Irregular sleep wake rhythm. Sleep Med Clin 2009; 4(2): 213-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.01.009] [PMID: 20160950]
[41]
Brown T. McMULLEN WJ Jr. Attention deficit disorders and sleep/arousal disturbance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 931(1): 271-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05784.x] [PMID: 11462746]
[42]
Van Someren EJW. Circadian rhythms and sleep in human aging. Chronobiol Int 2000; 17(3): 233-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100101046] [PMID: 10841205]
[43]
Werth E, Savaskan E, Knoblauch V, et al. Decline in long-term circadian rest-activity cycle organization in a patient with dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15(1): 55-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089198870201500111] [PMID: 11936245]
[44]
Hayakawa T, Uchiyama M, Kamei Y, et al. Clinical analyses of sighted patients with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome: A study of 57 consecutively diagnosed cases. Sleep 2005; 28(8): 945-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/28.8.945] [PMID: 16218077]
[45]
American academy of sleep medicine. International classification of sleep disorders 2005; 148-52.
[46]
Uchiyama M, Shibui K, Hayakawa T, et al. Larger phase angle between sleep propensity and melatonin rhythms in sighted humans with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome. Sleep 2002; 25(1): 83-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/25.1.83] [PMID: 11833864]
[47]
Reid KJ, Zee PC. Circadian rhythm disorders. InSeminars in neurology 2009; 29(4): 393-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237120]
[48]
Boivin DB, James FO, Santo JB, Caliyurt O, Chalk C. Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome following a car accident. Neurology 2003; 60(11): 1841-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000061482.24750.7C] [PMID: 12796546]
[49]
Ayalon L, Borodkin K, Dishon L, Kanety H, Dagan Y. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders following mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2007; 68(14): 1136-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000258672.52836.30] [PMID: 17404196]
[50]
Sack RL, Brandes RW, Kendall AR, Lewy AJ. Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(15): 1070-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200010123431503] [PMID: 11027741]
[51]
Hack LM, Lockley SW, Arendt J, Skene DJ. The effects of low-dose 0.5-mg melatonin on the free-running circadian rhythms of blind subjects. J Biol Rhythms 2003; 18(5): 420-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730403256796] [PMID: 14582858]
[52]
Meyer N, Harvey AG, Lockley SW, Dijk DJ. Circadian rhythms and disorders of the timing of sleep. Lancet 2022; 400(10357): 1061-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00877-7] [PMID: 36115370]
[53]
Drake CL, Roehrs T, Richardson G, Walsh JK, Roth T. Shift work sleep disorder: Prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. Sleep 2004; 27(8): 1453-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.8.1453] [PMID: 15683134]
[54]
Schwartz JR. Recognition of shift-work disorder in primary care. J Fam Pract 2010; 59(1) (Suppl.): S18-23.
[PMID: 20074506]
[55]
Pandi-Perumal SR, Verster JC, Kayumov L, et al. Sleep disorders, sleepiness and traffic safety: A public health menace. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39(7): 863-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2006000700003] [PMID: 16862276]
[56]
Akerstedt T. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occup Med (Lond) 2003; 53(2): 89-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqg046] [PMID: 12637592]
[57]
Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T, et al. U.S. modafinil in shift work sleep disorder study group. Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(5): 476-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041292] [PMID: 16079371]
[58]
Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 2007; 30(11): 1460-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.11.1460] [PMID: 18041480]
[59]
Wyatt JK, Cajochen C, Cecco AR-D, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ. Low-dose repeated caffeine administration for circadian-phase-dependent performance degradation during extended wakefulness. Sleep 2004; 27(3): 374-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.3.374] [PMID: 15164887]
[60]
Borniger JC, Weil ZM, Zhang N, Nelson RJ. Dim light at night does not disrupt timing or quality of sleep in mice. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30(8): 1016-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.803196] [PMID: 23837748]
[61]
Bonmati-Carrion MA, Baño-Otalora B, Madrid JA, Rol MA. Light color importance for circadian entrainment in a diurnal (Octodon degus) and a nocturnal (Rattus norvegicus) rodent. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 8846.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08691-7] [PMID: 28821732]
[62]
Fonken LK, Kitsmiller E, Smale L, Nelson RJ. Dim nighttime light impairs cognition and provokes depressive-like responses in a diurnal rodent. J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27(4): 319-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730412448324] [PMID: 22855576]
[63]
Bedrosian TA, Nelson RJ. Influence of the modern light environment on mood. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18(7): 751-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.70] [PMID: 23711982]
[64]
Bedrosian TA, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Chronic dim light at night provokes reversible depression-like phenotype: Possible role for TNF. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18(8): 930-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.96] [PMID: 22824811]
[65]
Fonken LK, Finy MS, Walton JC, et al. Influence of light at night on murine anxiety and depressive: Like responses. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205(2): 349-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.001] [PMID: 19591880]
[66]
Belmaker RH, Agam G. Major depressive disorder. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(1): 55-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra073096] [PMID: 18172175]
[67]
Depression WH. Other common mental disorders: Global health estimates World Health Organization 2017.
[68]
Hidaka BH. Depression as a disease of modernity: Explanations for increasing prevalence. J Affect Disord 2012; 140(3): 205-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.036] [PMID: 22244375]
[69]
Ohayon MM, Hong SC. Prevalence of major depressive disorder in the general population of South Korea. J Psychiatr Res 2006; 40(1): 30-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.02.003] [PMID: 15878179]
[70]
Oenning NSX, Ziegelmann PK, Goulart BNG, Niedhammer I. Occupational factors associated with major depressive disorder: A brazilian population-based study. J Affect Disord 2018; 240: 48-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.022] [PMID: 30053683]
[71]
Terman JS, Terman M, Lo ES, Cooper TB. Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58(1): 69-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.69] [PMID: 11146760]
[72]
Tataroğlu Ö, Aksoy A, Yılmaz A, Canbeyli R. Effect of lesioning the suprachiasmatic nuclei on behavioral despair in rats. Brain Res 2004; 1001(1-2): 118-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.063] [PMID: 14972660]
[73]
Tapia-Osorio A, Salgado-Delgado R, Angeles-Castellanos M, Escobar C. Disruption of circadian rhythms due to chronic constant light leads to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252: 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.028] [PMID: 23714074]
[74]
Roybal K, Theobold D, Graham A, et al. Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007; 104(15): 6406-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609625104] [PMID: 17379666]
[75]
Kalmbach DA, Pillai V, Cheng P, Arnedt JT, Drake CL. Shift work disorder, depression, and anxiety in the transition to rotating shifts: the role of sleep reactivity. Sleep Med 2015; 16(12): 1532-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.09.007] [PMID: 26611952]
[76]
Flo E, Pallesen S, Magerøy N, et al. Shift work disorder in nurses--assessment, prevalence and related health problems. PLoS One 2012; 7(4): e33981.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033981] [PMID: 22485153]
[77]
Eldevik MF, Flo E, Moen BE, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B. Insomnia, excessive sleepiness, excessive fatigue, anxiety, depression and shift work disorder in nurses having less than 11 hours in-between shifts. PLoS One 2013; 8(8): e70882.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070882] [PMID: 23976964]
[78]
Walker WH II, Borniger JC, Gaudier-Diaz MM, et al. Acute exposure to low-level light at night is sufficient to induce neurological changes and depressive-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25(5): 1080-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0430-4] [PMID: 31138889]
[79]
Fonken LK, Aubrecht TG, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Dim light at night disrupts molecular circadian rhythms and increases body weight. J Biol Rhythms 2013; 28(4): 262-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730413493862] [PMID: 23929553]
[80]
Bedrosian TA, Galan A, Vaughn CA, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Light at night alters daily patterns of cortisol and clock proteins in female Siberian hamsters. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25(6): 590-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jne.12036] [PMID: 23489976]
[81]
McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(5): 497-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.497] [PMID: 12742871]
[82]
Javelot H, Spadazzi A, Weiner L, et al. Telemonitoring with respect to mood disorders and information and communication technologies: Overview and presentation of the PSYCHE project. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/104658] [PMID: 25050321]
[83]
Inder ML, Crowe MT, Porter R. Effect of transmeridian travel and jetlag on mood disorders: Evidence and implications. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50(3): 220-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867415598844] [PMID: 26268923]
[84]
Katz G, Knobler HY, Laibel Z, Strauss Z, Durst R. Time zone change and major psychiatric morbidity: The results of a 6-year study in Jerusalem. Compr Psychiatry 2002; 43(1): 37-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/comp.2002.29849] [PMID: 11788917]
[85]
Malkoff-Schwartz S, Frank E, Anderson BP, et al. Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes. Psychol Med 2000; 30(5): 1005-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799002706] [PMID: 12027038]
[86]
Benedetti F, Fresi F, MacCioni P, Smeraldi E. Behavioural sensitization to repeated sleep deprivation in a mice model of mania. Behav Brain Res 2008; 187(2): 221-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2007.09.012] [PMID: 17950929]
[87]
Seney ML, Cahill K, Enwright JF III, et al. Diurnal rhythms in gene expression in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2019; 10(1): 3355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11335-1] [PMID: 31399567]
[88]
Kornstein SG, Clayton AH, Eds. Women’s mental health, an issue of medical clinics of North America, an issue of medical clinics of North America. Elsevier Health Sciences 2019.
[89]
Wulff K, Dijk DJ, Middleton B, Foster RG, Joyce EM. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 200(4): 308-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096321] [PMID: 22194182]
[90]
Viganò D, Lissoni P, Rovelli F, et al. A study of light/dark rhythm of melatonin in relation to cortisol and prolactin secretion in schizophrenia. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2001; 22(2): 137-41.
[PMID: 11335890]
[91]
Duan C, Jenkins ZM, Castle D. Therapeutic use of melatonin in schizophrenia: A systematic review. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11(8): 463-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i8.463] [PMID: 34513608]
[92]
Sletten TL, Magee M, Murray JM, et al. Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial. PLoS Med 2018; 15(6): e1002587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002587] [PMID: 29912983]
[93]
Bromundt V, Köster M, Georgiev-Kill A, et al. Sleep–wake cycles and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 198(4): 269-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078022] [PMID: 21263013]
[94]
Sun HQ, Li SX, Chen FB, et al. Diurnal neurobiological alterations after exposure to clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 64: 108-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.013] [PMID: 26630391]
[95]
Ryan MCM, Sharifi N, Condren R, Thakore JH. Evidence of basal pituitary–adrenal overactivity in first episode, drug naïve patients with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29(8): 1065-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.011] [PMID: 15219658]
[96]
Coulon N, Brailly-Tabard S, Walter M, Tordjman S. Altered circadian patterns of salivary cortisol in individuals with schizophrenia: A critical literature review. J Physiol Paris 2016; 110(4): 439-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.05.002] [PMID: 28506881]
[97]
Froy O. Metabolism and circadian rhythms--implications for obesity. Endocr Rev 2010; 31(1): 1-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0014] [PMID: 19854863]
[98]
Kramer A, Merrow M, Eds. Circadian clocks. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0]
[99]
Brown SA, Azzi A. Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals. Circadian clocks 2013; 45-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_3]
[100]
Davidson AJ, London B, Block GD, Menaker M. Cardiovascular tissues contain independent circadian clocks. Clin Exp Hypertens 2005; 27(2-3): 307-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CEH-48933] [PMID: 15835394]
[101]
Güldür T, Otlu HG. Circadian rhythm in mammals: time to eat & time to sleep. Biol Rhythm Res 2017; 48(2): 243-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2016.1251968]
[102]
Bailey SM, Udoh US, Young ME. Circadian regulation of metabolism. J Endocrinol 2014; 222(2): R75-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-14-0200] [PMID: 24928941]
[103]
Below JE, Gamazon ER, Morrison JV, et al. Genome-wide association and meta-analysis in populations from starr county, texas, and mexico city identify type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci and enrichment for expression quantitative trait loci in top signals. Diabetologia 2011; 54(8): 2047-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2188-3] [PMID: 21647700]
[104]
Dupuis J, Langenberg C, Prokopenko I, et al. New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Genet 2010; 42(2): 105-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.520] [PMID: 20081858]
[105]
Prokopenko I, Langenberg C, Florez JC, et al. Variants in MTNR1B influence fasting glucose levels. Nat Genet 2009; 41(1): 77-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.290] [PMID: 19060907]
[106]
Bouatia-Naji N, Bonnefond A, Cavalcanti-Proença C, et al. A variant near MTNR1B is associated with increased fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Genet 2009; 41(1): 89-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.277] [PMID: 19060909]
[107]
Woon PY, Kaisaki PJ, Bragança J, et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (BMAL1) is associated with susceptibility to hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007; 104(36): 14412-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703247104] [PMID: 17728404]
[108]
Kovanen L, Saarikoski ST, Haukka J, et al. Circadian clock gene polymorphisms in alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol 2010; 45(4): 303-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agq035] [PMID: 20554694]
[109]
Dashti HS, Follis JL, Smith CE, et al. Gene-environment interactions of circadian-related genes for cardiometabolic traits. Diabetes Care 2015; 38(8): 1456-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2709] [PMID: 26084345]
[110]
Mistlberger RE, Skene DJ. Nonphotic entrainment in humans? J Biol Rhythms 2005; 20(4): 339-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730405277982] [PMID: 16077153]
[111]
Bjorvatn B, Stangenes K, Øyane N, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled field study of the effects of bright light and melatonin in adaptation to night work. Scand J Work Environ Health 2007; 33(3): 204-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1129] [PMID: 17572830]
[112]
Borja NL, Daniel KL. Ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia. Clin Ther 2006; 28(10): 1540-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.10.016] [PMID: 17157111]
[113]
Richardson GS, Zee PC, Wang-Weigand S, Rodriguez L, Peng X. Circadian phase-shifting effects of repeated ramelteon administration in healthy adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2008; 4(5): 456-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.27282] [PMID: 18853704]
[114]
Roth T, Seiden D, Weigand S, Zhang J, Rieckhoff H, Sainati S III. Phase III study to determine the efficacy of ramelteon in elderly patients with chronic insomnia. Proceedings of new clinical drug evaluation unit 2005; 6: 6-9.
[115]
Erman M, Seiden D, Zammit G, Sainati S, Zhang J. An efficacy, safety, and dose–response study of Ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2006; 7(1): 17-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2005.09.004] [PMID: 16309958]
[116]
Touitou Y, Reinberg A, Touitou D. Association between light at night, melatonin secretion, sleep deprivation, and the internal clock: Health impacts and mechanisms of circadian disruption. Life Sci 2017; 173: 94-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.008] [PMID: 28214594]
[117]
Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Normal human sleep: An overview. Principles and practice of sleep medicine 2005; 4(1): 13-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-72-160797-7/50009-4]
[118]
Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, et al. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: A review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(4): 656-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.656] [PMID: 15800134]
[119]
Chen PH, Kuo HY, Chueh KH. Sleep hygiene education: Efficacy on sleep quality in working women. J Nurs Res 2010; 18(4): 283-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JNR.0b013e3181fbe3fd] [PMID: 21139448]
[120]
Bijlenga D, van der Heijden KB, Breuk M, et al. Associations between sleep characteristics, seasonal depressive symptoms, lifestyle, and ADHD symptoms in adults. J Atten Disord 2013; 17(3): 261-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054711428965] [PMID: 22210799]
[121]
Khalsa SBS, Jewett ME, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA. A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J Physiol 2003; 549(3): 945-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.040477] [PMID: 12717008]
[122]
Barion A, Zee PC. A clinical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med 2007; 8(6): 566-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.017] [PMID: 17395535]
[123]
Romeijn N, Raymann RJEM, Møst E, et al. Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463(1): 169-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1042-2] [PMID: 22048563]
[124]
Cristini J, Weiss M, De Las Heras B, et al. The effects of exercise on sleep quality in persons with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 55: 101384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101384] [PMID: 32987321]
[125]
Zuzuárregui JRP, During EH. Sleep issues in Parkinson’s disease and their management. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17(4): 1480-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00938-y] [PMID: 33029723]
[126]
Jung YJ, Kim HJ, Paek SH, Jeon B. Effects of deep brain stimulation on sleep-wake disturbances in patients with parkinson’s disease: A narrative review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19(10): 1716-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210215115718] [PMID: 33588729]
[127]
Patel S, Ojo O, Genc G, et al. A computerized cognitive behavioral therapy randomized, controlled, pilot trial for insomnia in parkinson disease (ACCORD-PD). J Clin Mov Disord 2017; 4(1): 16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40734-017-0062-2] [PMID: 28852567]
[128]
Haynes P. Application of cognitive behavioral therapies for comorbid insomnia and depression. Sleep Med Clin 2015; 10(1): 77-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2014.11.006] [PMID: 26055675]
[129]
Leroi I, Baker P, Kehoe P, Daniel E, Byrne EJ. A pilot randomized controlled trial of sleep therapy in Parkinson’s disease: effect on patients and caregivers. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 25(10): 1073-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2472] [PMID: 20157905]
[130]
Osawa C, Kamei Y, Nozaki K, Furusawa Y, Murata M. Brief cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in parkinson’s disease: A case series study. Jpn Psychol Res 2021; 63(2): 59-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12287]
[131]
Rios Romenets S, Creti L, Fichten C, et al. Doxepin and cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A randomized study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19(7): 670-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.03.003] [PMID: 23561946]
[132]
Cammisuli D, Ceravolo R, Bonuccelli U. Non-pharmacological interventions for Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment: Future directions for research. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15(9): 1650-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.276329] [PMID: 32209764]
[133]
Lee J, Kim Y, Kim YL. Non-pharmacological therapies for sleep disturbances in people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2018; 74(8): 1741-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13694] [PMID: 29700848]
[134]
O’Brien K, Weber D. Insomnia in Chinese medicine: The heart of the matter. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22(9): 684-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0044] [PMID: 27526331]
[135]
Liu XG, Song KY, Yu SG, Liu YX, Wei JL. Effects of acupuncture at different periods on circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and core body temperature in hamsters. Zhongguo Zhenjiu 2005; 25(6): 417-9.
[PMID: 16309088]
[136]
Dagan Y. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD). Sleep Med Rev 2002; 6(1): 45-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2001.0190] [PMID: 12531141]
[137]
Liu C, Tang X, Gong Z, Zeng W, Hou Q, Lu R. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Genetics, mechanisms, and adverse effects on health. Front Genet 2022; 13: 875342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.875342] [PMID: 35571019]
[138]
Lee B, Kim BK, Kim HJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture for insomnia disorder: A multicenter, randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled trial. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12: 1145-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S281231] [PMID: 33328773]
[139]
Kim SP, Kim JH, Kim BK, et al. Electroacupuncture for insomnia disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18(1): 177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-1922-7] [PMID: 28403895]
[140]
Yuan M, Lu W, Lan Y, Yang J, Yin J, Wang D. Current role and future perspectives of electroacupuncture in circadian rhythm regulation. Heliyon 2023; 9(5): e15986.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15986] [PMID: 37205998]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy