Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Review Article

Anaphylaxis in Risky Populations

Author(s): Şengül Beyaz and Aslı Gelincik*

Volume 29, Issue 3, 2023

Published on: 15 December, 2022

Page: [224 - 238] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221207105214

Price: $65

Abstract

Anaphylaxis should be clinically diagnosed with immediate recognition, whereas, despite advances in the field of allergy, the symptoms of anaphylaxis remain to be under-recognized, diagnosis is often missed, and treatment is often delayed. Anaphylaxis presents with symptoms in a spectrum of severity, ranging from mild objective breathing problems to circulatory shock and/or collapse. Indeed, anaphylaxis management frequently relies on a ‘one-size-fits-all approach’ rather than a precision medicine care model, despite the evidence that anaphylaxis is a heterogeneous condition with differences in causative agents, clinical presentation, and host susceptibility. The key important risk factors for severe anaphylaxis and mortality are certain age groups or certain stages of life (infants, elderly and pregnant women), augmenting factors (physical exercise, alcohol consumption, menstruation, acute infections), concurrent use of some medications (beta-adrenergic blockers (β-blockers) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and concomitant diseases (i.e. asthma, cardiovascular disease, mastocytosis). The present review aims to collectively address the patient groups who are at high risk of having anaphylaxis, those who have a more severe course, those that are difficult to diagnose, and require a special approach in treatment. Therefore, the risky populations like the elderly, pregnant women, patients receiving β- blockers or ACE inhibitors, those with concomitant cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and mastocytosis, or those having higher baseline serum tryptase levels are discussed, including their clinical presentations and treatment strategies. Additionally, anaphylaxis during the perioperative period is addressed.

« Previous
[1]
Cardona V, Ansotegui IJ, Ebisawa M, et al. World allergy organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13(10): 100472.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100472] [PMID: 33204386]
[2]
Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DBK, et al. Anaphylaxis-a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145(4): 1082-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.017] [PMID: 32001253]
[3]
Muraro A, Worm M, Alviani C, et al. EAACI guideline: Anaphylaxis (2021 update). Allergy 2021.
[PMID: 34343358]
[4]
Mikhail I, Stukus DR, Prince BT. Fatal anaphylaxis: Epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21(4): 28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-021-01006-x] [PMID: 33825067]
[5]
Brown SGA, Stone SF, Fatovich DM, et al. Anaphylaxis: Clinical patterns, mediator release, and severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132(5): 1141-1149.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.015] [PMID: 23915715]
[6]
Jimenez-Rodriguez T, Garcia-Neuer M, Alenazy LA, Castells M. Anaphylaxis in the 21st century: Phenotypes, endotypes, and biomarkers. J Asthma Allergy 2018; 11: 121-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S159411] [PMID: 29950872]
[7]
Castells M. Diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis in precision medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140(2): 321-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.012] [PMID: 28780940]
[8]
Bilò MB, Martini M, Tontini C, Corsi A, Antonicelli L. Anaphylaxis. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 53(1): 4-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.158] [PMID: 32550734]
[9]
Dodd A, Hughes A, Sargant N, Whyte AF, Soar J, Turner PJ. Evidence update for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Resuscitation 2021; 163: 86-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.04.010] [PMID: 33895231]
[10]
Muñoz-Cano R, Pascal M, Araujo G, et al. Mechanisms, cofactors, and augmenting factors involved in anaphylaxis. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 1193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01193] [PMID: 29018449]
[11]
El-Gamal Y. Anaphylaxis vulnerable groups. Egypt J Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 13(1): 3-6.
[12]
Regateiro FS, Marques ML, Gomes ER. Drug-induced anaphylaxis: An update on epidemiology and risk factors. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181(7): 481-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507445] [PMID: 32396909]
[13]
Motosue MS, Bellolio MF, Van Houten HK, Shah ND, Campbell RL. Risk factors for severe anaphylaxis in the United States. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 119(4): 356-361.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.07.014] [PMID: 28958375]
[14]
Worm M, Francuzik W, Renaudin JM, et al. Factors increasing the risk for a severe reaction in anaphylaxis: An analysis of data from The European anaphylaxis registry. Allergy 2018; 73(6): 1322-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.13380] [PMID: 29318637]
[15]
Turner PJ, Jerschow E, Umasunthar T, Lin R, Campbell DE, Boyle RJ. Fatal anaphylaxis: Mortality rate and risk factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5(5): 1169-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.031] [PMID: 28888247]
[16]
Dribin TE, Schnadower D, Wang J, et al. Anaphylaxis knowledge gaps and future research priorities: A consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021.
[PMID: 34390722]
[17]
Wood RA, Camargo CA Jr, Lieberman P, et al. Anaphylaxis in America: The prevalence and characteristics of anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133(2): 461-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.016] [PMID: 24144575]
[18]
Turner PJ, Gowland MH, Sharma V, et al. Increase in anaphylaxis-related hospitalizations but no increase in fatalities: An analysis of United Kingdom national anaphylaxis data, 1992-2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135(4): 956-963.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.021] [PMID: 25468198]
[19]
Simionescu AA, Stanescu AMA, Popescu FD. State-of-the-art on biomarkers for anaphylaxis in obstetrics. Life 2021; 11(9): 870.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090870] [PMID: 34575019]
[20]
Tanno LK, Chalmers R, Jacob R, et al. Global implementation of the world health organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11: The allergic and hypersensitivity conditions model. Allergy 2020; 75(9): 2206-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.14468] [PMID: 32578235]
[21]
Aurich S, Dölle-Bierke S, Francuzik W, et al. Anaphylaxis in elderly patients-data from the european anaphylaxis registry. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 750.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00750] [PMID: 31068925]
[22]
Cardona V, Guilarte M, Luengo O, Labrador-Horrillo M, Sala-Cunill A, Garriga T. Allergic diseases in the elderly. Clin Transl Allergy 2011; 1(1): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-7022-1-11] [PMID: 22409889]
[23]
González-de-Olano D, Lombardo C, González-Mancebo E. The difficult management of anaphylaxis in the elderly. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16(4): 352-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000280] [PMID: 27257941]
[24]
Ventura MT, Scichilone N, Gelardi M, Patella V, Ridolo E. Management of allergic disease in the elderly: Key considerations, recommendations and emerging therapies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11(11): 1219-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/1744666X.2015.1081564] [PMID: 26483075]
[25]
Campbell RL, Hagan JB, Li JTC, et al. Anaphylaxis in emergency department patients 50 or 65 years or older. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106(5): 401-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.01.011] [PMID: 21530872]
[26]
Clark S, Wei W, Rudders SA, Camargo CA Jr. Risk factors for severe anaphylaxis in patients receiving anaphylaxis treatment in US emergency departments and hospitals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134(5): 1125-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.018] [PMID: 24985399]
[27]
Bilò MB, Corsi A, Martini M, Penza E, Grippo F, Bignardi D. Fatal anaphylaxis in Italy: Analysis of cause-of-death national data, 2004-2016. Allergy 2020; 75(10): 2644-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.14352] [PMID: 32364284]
[28]
Lieberman P, Simons FER. Anaphylaxis and cardiovascular disease: Therapeutic dilemmas. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45(8): 1288-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12520] [PMID: 25711241]
[29]
Ma L, Danoff TM, Borish L. Case fatality and population mortality associated with anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133(4): 1075-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.029] [PMID: 24332862]
[30]
Ventura MT, Scichilone N, Paganelli R, et al. Allergic diseases in the elderly: Biological characteristics and main immunological and non-immunological mechanisms. Clin Mol Allergy 2017; 15(1): 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12948-017-0059-2] [PMID: 28174512]
[31]
Simons FER, Ardusso LRF, Bilò MB, et al. World allergy organization guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. World Allergy Organ J 2011; 4(2): 13-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e318211496c] [PMID: 23268454]
[32]
Khan BQ, Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis in the elderly. Aging Health 2008; 4(4): 377-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.4.4.377]
[33]
Bousquet J, Agache I, Blain H, et al. Management of anaphylaxis due to COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly. Allergy 2021; 76(10): 2952-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.14838] [PMID: 33811358]
[34]
Hepner DL, Castells MC. Latex allergy: An update. Anesth Analg 2003; 96(4): 1219-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000050768.04953.16] [PMID: 12651689]
[35]
Cochran ST. Anaphylactoid reactions to radiocontrast media. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2005; 5(1): 28-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-005-0051-7] [PMID: 15659260]
[36]
Ebo DG, Bosmans JL, Couttenye MM, Stevens WJ. Haemodialysis-associated anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. Allergy 2006; 61(2): 211-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00982.x] [PMID: 16409199]
[37]
Patel C, Haque M, Waqar O, Kline M, Jongco A. New York State cases of anaphylaxis in elderly patients from 2000 to 2010. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125(4): 410-417.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.06.008] [PMID: 32535065]
[38]
Triggiani M, Montagni M, Parente R, Ridolo E. Anaphylaxis and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 14(4): 309-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000071] [PMID: 24915548]
[39]
Triggiani M, Patella V, Staiano RI, Granata F, Marone G. Allergy and the cardiovascular system. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153(Suppl 1): 7-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03714.x] [PMID: 18721322]
[40]
Worm M, Edenharter G, Ruëff F, et al. Symptom profile and risk factors of anaphylaxis in Central Europe. Allergy 2012; 67(5): 691-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02795.x] [PMID: 22335765]
[41]
Lee S, Hess EP, Nestler DM, et al. Antihypertensive medication use is associated with increased organ system involvement and hospitalization in emergency department patients with anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131(4): 1103-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.011] [PMID: 23453138]
[42]
Bilò MB, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Pumphrey R, et al. Self-medication of anaphylactic reactions due to Hymenoptera stings-an EAACI task force consensus statement. Allergy 2016; 71(7): 931-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12908] [PMID: 27060567]
[43]
Ventura MT, Boni E, Cecere R, et al. Importance of hypersensitivity in adverse reactions to drugs in the elderly. Clin Mol Allergy 2018; 16(1): 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12948-018-0083-x] [PMID: 29618951]
[44]
Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FER. Epinephrine: The drug of choice for anaphylaxis. A statement of the World Allergy Organization. Allergy 2008; 63(8): 1061-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01733.x] [PMID: 18691308]
[45]
Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T, et al. Guideline (S2k) on acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis: 2021 update. Allergo J Int 2021; 30(1): 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-020-00158-y] [PMID: 33527068]
[46]
Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T, et al. Guideline for acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis. Allergo J Int 2014; 23(3): 96-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-014-0009-1] [PMID: 26120521]
[47]
Muraro A, Roberts G, Worm M, et al. Anaphylaxis: Guidelines from the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology. Allergy 2014; 69(8): 1026-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12437] [PMID: 24909803]
[48]
Simons KJ, Simons FER. Epinephrine and its use in anaphylaxis: Current issues. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10(4): 354-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833bc670] [PMID: 20543673]
[49]
Campbell RL, Bellolio MF, Knutson BD, et al. Epinephrine in anaphylaxis: Higher risk of cardiovascular complications and overdose after administration of intravenous bolus epinephrine compared with intramuscular epinephrine. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015; 3(1): 76-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2014.06.007] [PMID: 25577622]
[50]
Turner PJ, Worm M, Ansotegui IJ, et al. Time to revisit the definition and clinical criteria for anaphylaxis? World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12(10): 100066.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100066] [PMID: 31719946]
[51]
McCall SJ, Bonnet MP, Äyräs O, et al. Anaphylaxis in pregnancy: A population-based multinational European study. Anaesthesia 2020; 75(11): 1469-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.15069] [PMID: 32463487]
[52]
Tacquard C, Chassard D, Malinovsky JM, Saucedo M, Deneux-Tharaux C, Mertes PM. Anaphylaxis-related mortality in the obstetrical setting: Analysis of the French National Confidential Enquiry into maternal deaths from 2001 to 2012. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123(1): e151-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.009] [PMID: 30915993]
[53]
Carra S, Schatz M, Mertes PM, et al. Anaphylaxis and pregnancy: A systematic review and call for public health actions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9(12): 4270-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.046] [PMID: 34365055]
[54]
Simons FER, Schatz M. Anaphylaxis during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130(3): 597-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.06.035] [PMID: 22871389]
[55]
McCall SJ, Bunch KJ, Brocklehurst P, et al. The incidence, characteristics, management and outcomes of anaphylaxis in pregnancy: A population-based descriptive study. BJOG 2018; 125(8): 965-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15041] [PMID: 29193647]
[56]
McCall SJ, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M. Anaphylaxis in pregnancy in the United States: Risk factors and temporal trends using national routinely collected data. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019; 7(8): 2606-2612.e3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.04.047] [PMID: 31102701]
[57]
Mulla ZD, Ebrahim MS, Gonzalez JL. Anaphylaxis in the obstetric patient: Analysis of a statewide hospital discharge database. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104(1): 55-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2009.11.005] [PMID: 20143646]
[58]
Hepner DL, Castells M, Mouton-Faivre C, Dewachter P. Anaphylaxis in the clinical setting of obstetric anesthesia: A literature review. Anesth Analg 2013; 117(6): 1357-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a706c7] [PMID: 24257386]
[59]
Chaudhuri K, Gonzales J, Jesurun CA, Ambat MT, Mandal-Chaudhuri S. Anaphylactic shock in pregnancy: A case study and review of the literature. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17(4): 350-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2008.05.002] [PMID: 18691872]
[60]
Draisci G, Zanfini BA, Nucera E, et al. Latex sensitization. Anesthesiology 2011; 114(3): 565-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e318206ff50] [PMID: 21258234]
[61]
Berardi A, Rossi K, Cavalleri F, et al. Maternal anaphylaxis and fetal brain damage after intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. J Perinat Med 2004; 32(4): 375-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2004.070] [PMID: 15346827]
[62]
Yang F, Zheng Q, Jin L. Dynamic function and composition changes of immune cells during normal and pathological pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 2317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02317] [PMID: 31681264]
[63]
Liccardi G, Milanese M, Bilo MB, et al. Lessons from peculiar cases of anaphylaxis: Why allergists should be prepared for the unexpected. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 54(3): 99-106.
[PMID: 33939345]
[64]
Watson KD, Arendt KW, Watson WJ, Volcheck GW. Systemic mastocytosis complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 119(2 Pt 2): 486-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318242d3c5] [PMID: 22270448]
[65]
Lei D, Akin C, Kovalszki A. Management of mastocytosis in pregnancy: A review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5(5): 1217-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.021] [PMID: 28739366]
[66]
Liccardi G, Bilò MB, Mauro C, et al. Oxytocin: A likely underestimated risk for anaphylactic reactions in delivering women sensitized to latex. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 110(6): 465-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2013.03.014] [PMID: 23706719]
[67]
Liccardi G, Bilò MB, Mauro C, et al. Oxytocin: An unexpected risk for cardiologic and broncho-obstructive effects, and allergic reactions in susceptible delivering women. Multidiscip Respir Med 2013; 8(1): 67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-8-67] [PMID: 24139438]
[68]
Gei AF, Pacheco LD, Vanhook JW, Hankins GD. The use of a continuous infusion of epinephrine for anaphylactic shock during labor. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102(6): 1332-5.
[PMID: 14662223]
[69]
Carlson GS, Wong PH, White KM, Quinn JM. Evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in immunotherapy-associated systemic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5(5): 1430-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.009] [PMID: 28694048]
[70]
Jacobs RL, Rake GW Jr, Fournier DC, Chilton RJ, Culver WG, Beckmann CH. Potentiated anaphylaxis in patients with drug-induced beta-adrenergic blockade. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1981; 68(2): 125-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(81)90170-6] [PMID: 6114116]
[71]
Brown SGA. Clinical features and severity grading of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114(2): 371-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.04.029] [PMID: 15316518]
[72]
Nassiri M, Babina M, Dölle S, Edenharter G, Ruëff F, Worm M. Ramipril and metoprolol intake aggravate human and murine anaphylaxis: Evidence for direct mast cell priming. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135(2): 491-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.09.004] [PMID: 25441633]
[73]
Tejedor-Alonso MA, Farias-Aquino E, Pérez-Fernández E, Grifol-Clar E, Moro-Moro M, Rosado-Ingelmo A. Relationship between anaphylaxis and use of beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019; 7(3): 879-897.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.10.042] [PMID: 30408615]
[74]
De Feo G, Parente R, Triggiani M. Pitfalls in anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 18(5): 382-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000468] [PMID: 30028728]
[75]
Coop CA, Schapira RS, Freeman TM. Are ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers dangerous in patients at risk for anaphylaxis? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5(5): 1207-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.04.033] [PMID: 28552379]
[76]
Rank MA, Oslie CL, Krogman JL, Park MA, Li JT. Allergen immunotherapy safety: Characterizing systemic reactions and identifying risk factors. Allergy Asthma Proc 2008; 29(4): 400-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2008.29.3141] [PMID: 18702889]
[77]
White KM, England RW. Safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors while receiving venom immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101(4): 426-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60321-3] [PMID: 18939733]
[78]
Sturm GJ, Herzog SA, Aberer W, et al. β-blockers and ACE inhibitors are not a risk factor for severe systemic sting reactions and adverse events during venom immunotherapy. Allergy 2021; 76(7): 2166-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.14785] [PMID: 33605465]
[79]
Stoevesandt J, Hain J, Kerstan A, Trautmann A. Over and underestimated parameters in severe Hymenoptera venom-induced anaphylaxis: Cardiovascular medication and absence of urticaria/angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130(3): 698-704.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.024] [PMID: 22554708]
[80]
Greenberger PA. Evidence accumulates against angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-adrenergic blockers as important co-factors for anaphylactic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8(6): 1906-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.002] [PMID: 32499036]
[81]
Golden DBK, Demain J, Freeman T, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 118(1): 28-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.10.031] [PMID: 28007086]
[82]
Sturm GJ, Varga EM, Roberts G, et al. EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy 2018; 73(4): 744-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.13262] [PMID: 28748641]
[83]
Ruëff F, Przybilla B, Biló MB, et al. Predictors of side effects during the buildup phase of venom immunotherapy for Hymenoptera venom allergy: The importance of baseline serum tryptase. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126(1): 105-111.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.025] [PMID: 20542320]
[84]
Stoevesandt J, Hain J, Stolze I, Kerstan A, Trautmann A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors do not impair the safety of Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy build-up phase. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44(5): 747-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12276] [PMID: 24447144]
[85]
Smith MA, Newton LP, Barcena Blanch MA, et al. Risk for anaphylactic reaction from cardiac catheterization in patients receiving β-adrenergic blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8(6): 1900-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.10.020] [PMID: 31683029]
[86]
Thomas M, Crawford I. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J 2005; 22(4): 272-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2005.023507] [PMID: 15788828]
[87]
Mueller UR. Cardiovascular disease and anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7(4): 337-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e328259c328] [PMID: 17620826]
[88]
Mackins CJ, Kano S, Seyedi N, et al. Cardiac mast cell-derived renin promotes local angiotensin formation, norepinephrine release, and arrhythmias in ischemia/reperfusion. J Clin Invest 2006; 116(4): 1063-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI25713] [PMID: 16585966]
[89]
Lombardi A, Vandelli R, Cerè E, Di Pasquale G. Silent acute myocardial infarction following a wasp sting. Ital Heart J 2003; 4(9): 638-41.
[PMID: 14635383]
[90]
Simons F, Frew A, Ansotegui I, et al. Risk assessment in anaphylaxis: Current and future approaches. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120(1): S2-S24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.001] [PMID: 17602945]
[91]
Patella V, Marinò I, Arbustini E, et al. Stem cell factor in mast cells and increased mast cell density in idiopathic and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998; 97(10): 971-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.10.971] [PMID: 9529265]
[92]
Stellato C, Casolaro V, Ciccarelli A, Mastronardi P, Mazzarella B, Marone G. General anaesthetics induce only histamine release selectively from human mast cells. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67(6): 751-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/67.6.751] [PMID: 1722691]
[93]
Ridella M, Bagdure S, Nugent K, Cevik C. Kounis syndrome following beta-lactam antibiotic use: Review of literature. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2009; 8(1): 11-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152809787582462] [PMID: 19275688]
[94]
Poziomkowska-Gęsicka I, Kostrzewska M, Kurek M. Comorbidities and cofactors of anaphylaxis in patients with moderate to severe anaphylaxis. Analysis of data from the anaphylaxis Registry for West Pomerania Province, Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(1): 333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010333] [PMID: 33466336]
[95]
Gülen T, Hägglund H, Sander B, Dahlén B, Nilsson G. The presence of mast cell clonality in patients with unexplained anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44(9): 1179-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12369] [PMID: 25039926]
[96]
Kounis NG. Kounis syndrome (allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction): A natural paradigm? Int J Cardiol 2006; 110(1): 7-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.08.007] [PMID: 16249041]
[97]
Fassio F, Losappio L, Antolin-Amerigo D, et al. Kounis syndrome: A concise review with focus on management. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 30: 7-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.12.004] [PMID: 26795552]
[98]
Y-Hassan S, Tornvall P. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of takotsubo syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2018; 28(1): 53-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-017-0465-z] [PMID: 28917022]
[99]
Fehr D, Micaletto S, Moehr T, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. Risk factors for severe systemic sting reactions in wasp (Vespula spp.) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom allergic patients. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9(1): 54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13601-019-0292-5] [PMID: 31632639]
[100]
González-Pérez A, Aponte Z, Vidaurre CF, Rodríguez LAG. Anaphylaxis epidemiology in patients with and patients without asthma: A United Kingdom database review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(5): 1098-1104.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.009] [PMID: 20392483]
[101]
Bock SA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Further fatalities caused by anaphylactic reactions to food, 2001-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119(4): 1016-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.622] [PMID: 17306354]
[102]
Mullins RJ, Wainstein BK, Barnes EH, Liew WK, Campbell DE. Increases in anaphylaxis fatalities in Australia from 1997 to 2013. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46(8): 1099-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12748] [PMID: 27144664]
[103]
Tanno LK, Gonzalez-Estrada A, Olivieri B, Caminati M. Asthma and anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 19(5): 447-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000566] [PMID: 31261185]
[104]
Lieberman P, Garvey LH. Mast cells and anaphylaxis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16(3): 20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0598-5] [PMID: 26857018]
[105]
O’Connell MP, Lyons JJ. Hymenoptera venom-induced anaphylaxis and hereditary alpha-tryptasemia. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 20(5): 431-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000678] [PMID: 32769710]
[106]
Akin C. Mast cell activation syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140(2): 349-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.007] [PMID: 28780942]
[107]
Valent P, Akin C, Metcalfe DD. Mastocytosis: 2016 updated WHO classification and novel emerging treatment concepts. Blood 2017; 129(11): 1420-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-09-731893] [PMID: 28031180]
[108]
Schuch A, Brockow K. Mastocytosis and anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2017; 37(1): 153-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2016.08.017] [PMID: 27886904]
[109]
González-de-Olano D, Álvarez-Twose I. Insights in anaphylaxis and clonal mast cell disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 792.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00792] [PMID: 28740494]
[110]
Zanotti R, Lombardo C, Passalacqua G, et al. Clonal mast cell disorders in patients with severe Hymenoptera venom allergy and normal serum tryptase levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136(1): 135-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.035] [PMID: 25605272]
[111]
González de Olano D, de la Hoz Caballer B, Núñez López R, et al. Prevalence of allergy and anaphylactic symptoms in 210 adult and pediatric patients with mastocytosis in Spain: A study of the Spanish network on mastocytosis (REMA). Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 070831211107005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02804.x] [PMID: 17883734]
[112]
Brockow K, Jofer C, Behrendt H, Ring J. Anaphylaxis in patients with mastocytosis: A study on history, clinical features and risk factors in 120 patients. Allergy 2008; 63(2): 226-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01569.x] [PMID: 18186813]
[113]
Bonadonna P, Zanotti R, Pagani M, et al. How much specific is the association between hymenoptera venom allergy and mastocytosis? Allergy 2009; 64(9): 1379-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02108.x] [PMID: 19627274]
[114]
Gülen T, Hägglund H, Dahlén B, Nilsson G. High prevalence of anaphylaxis in patients with systemic mastocytosis - a single-centre experience. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44(1): 121-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12225] [PMID: 24164252]
[115]
Hartmann K, Escribano L, Grattan C, et al. Cutaneous manifestations in patients with mastocytosis: Consensus report of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis; the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; and the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137(1): 35-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.034] [PMID: 26476479]
[116]
Wu R, Lyons JJ. Hereditary alpha-tryptasemia: A commonly inherited modifier of anaphylaxis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21(5): 33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-021-01010-1] [PMID: 33970354]
[117]
Aniceto V, Dias MM, Melo JML, et al. Serum baseline tryptase level as a marker for the severity of anaphylaxis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 179(3): 201-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497235] [PMID: 30893687]
[118]
Guenova E, Volz T, Eichner M, et al. Basal serum tryptase as risk assessment for severe Hymenoptera sting reactions in elderly. Allergy 2010; 65(7): 919-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02302.x] [PMID: 20121769]
[119]
Bonadonna P, Zanotti R, Müller U. Mastocytosis and insect venom allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10(4): 347-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833b280c] [PMID: 20485157]
[120]
Álvarez-Twose I, González de Olano D, Sánchez-Muñoz L, et al. Clinical, biological, and molecular characteristics of clonal mast cell disorders presenting with systemic mast cell activation symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(6): 1269-1278.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.019] [PMID: 20434205]
[121]
Ruëff F, Przybilla B, Biló MB, et al. Predictors of severe systemic anaphylactic reactions in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy: Importance of baseline serum tryptase-a study of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124(5): 1047-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.027] [PMID: 19895993]
[122]
Fellinger C, Hemmer W, Wöhrl S, Sesztak-Greinecker G, Jarisch R, Wantke F. Clinical characteristics and risk profile of patients with elevated baseline serum tryptase. Allergol Immunopathol 2014; 42(6): 544-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2014.05.002] [PMID: 25224360]
[123]
Haeberli G, Brönnimann M, Hunziker T, Müller U. Elevated basal serum tryptase and hymenoptera venom allergy: Relation to severity of sting reactions and to safety and efficacy of venom immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33(9): 1216-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01755.x] [PMID: 12956741]
[124]
Bonadonna P, Pagani M, Aberer W, et al. Drug hypersensitivity in clonal mast cell disorders: ENDA/EAACI position paper. Allergy 2015; 70(7): 755-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12617] [PMID: 25824492]
[125]
Seitz CS, Brockow K, Hain J, Trautmann A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity: Association with elevated basal serum tryptase? Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2014; 10(1): 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-10-19] [PMID: 24782901]
[126]
Carter MC, Desai A, Komarow HD, et al. A distinct biomolecular profile identifies monoclonal mast cell disorders in patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141(1): 180-188.e3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.036] [PMID: 28629749]
[127]
Aberer E, Savic S, Bretterklieber A, Reiter H, Berghold A, Aberer W. Disease spectrum in patients with elevated serum tryptase levels. Australas J Dermatol 2015; 56(1): 7-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12146] [PMID: 24575854]
[128]
Akin C, Scott LM, Kocabas CN, et al. Demonstration of an aberrant mast-cell population with clonal markers in a subset of patients with “idiopathic” anaphylaxis. Blood 2007; 110(7): 2331-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-06-028100] [PMID: 17638853]
[129]
Gulen T, Akin C. Idiopathic anaphylaxis: A perplexing diagnostic challenge for allergists. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21(2): 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-021-00988-y] [PMID: 33560495]
[130]
Khan DA, Yocum MW. Clinical course of idiopathic anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy 1994; 73(4): 370-4.
[PMID: 7944007]
[131]
Gülen T, Akin C. Pharmacotherapy of mast cell disorders. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 17(4): 295-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000377] [PMID: 28570344]
[132]
Wong S, Yarnold PR, Yango C, Patterson R, Harris KE. Outcome of prophylactic therapy for idiopathic anaphylaxis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114(2): 133-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-2-133] [PMID: 1984388]
[133]
Warrier P, Casale TB. Omalizumab in idiopathic anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102(3): 257-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60091-9] [PMID: 19354075]
[134]
Jones JD, Marney SR Jr, Fahrenholz JM. Idiopathic anaphylaxis successfully treated with omalizumab. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101(5): 550-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60296-7] [PMID: 19055211]
[135]
Öztop N, Demir , beyaz Ş, et al. Omalizumab in practice: Ten-year experience of a tertiary referral allergy centre. Asthma Allergy Immunology 2022; 20(1): 36-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21911/aai.647]
[136]
Greiner G, Sprinzl B, Górska A, et al. Hereditary α tryptasemia is a valid genetic biomarker for severe mediator-related symptoms in mastocytosis. Blood 2021; 137(2): 238-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020006157] [PMID: 32777817]
[137]
Bonadonna P, Zanotti R, Pagani M, et al. Anaphylactic reactions after discontinuation of hymenoptera venom immunotherapy: A clonal mast cell disorder should be suspected. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018; 6(4): 1368-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.11.025] [PMID: 29258788]
[138]
Manian DV, Volcheck GW. Perioperative anaphylaxis: Evaluation and management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021.
[PMID: 34247332]
[139]
Cook TM, Harper NJN, Farmer L, et al. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: Protocol and methods of the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121(1): 124-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.001] [PMID: 29935564]
[140]
Gonzalez-Estrada A, Campbell RL, Carrillo-Martin I, Renew JR, Rank MA, Volcheck GW. Incidence and risk factors for near-fatal and fatal outcomes after perioperative and periprocedural anaphylaxis in the USA, 2005–2014. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127(6): 890-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2021.06.036] [PMID: 34330411]
[141]
Volcheck GW, Hepner DL. Identification and management of perioperative anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019; 7(7): 2134-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.033] [PMID: 31154032]
[142]
Mertes PM, Ebo DG, Garcez T, et al. Comparative epidemiology of suspected perioperative hypersensitivity reactions. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123(1): e16-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.01.027] [PMID: 30916015]
[143]
Huang W, Li X, Xiang Y, et al. Risk factors and prevention for perioperative anaphylaxis: A nested case-control study. Int J Clin Pharm 2019; 41(6): 1442-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-019-00902-7] [PMID: 31531816]
[144]
Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, et al. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: Epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). Br J Anaesth 2018; 121(1): 159-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.014] [PMID: 29935567]
[145]
Matito A, Morgado JM, Sánchez-López P, et al. Management of anesthesia in adult and pediatric mastocytosis: A study of the spanish network on mastocytosis (REMA) based on 726 anesthetic procedures. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 167(1): 47-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000436969] [PMID: 26160029]
[146]
Mertes PM, Volcheck GW, Garvey LH, et al. Epidemiology of perioperative anaphylaxis. Presse Med 2016; 45(9): 758-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2016.02.024] [PMID: 27181074]
[147]
Hsu Blatman KS, Hepner DL. Current knowledge and management of hypersensitivity to perioperative drugs and radiocontrast media. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017; 5(3): 587-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.03.016] [PMID: 28483312]
[148]
Savic LC, Garvey LH. Perioperative anaphylaxis: Diagnostic challenges and management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2020; 33(3): 448-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000000857] [PMID: 32371637]
[149]
Light KP, Lovell AT, Butt H, Fauvel NJ, Holdcroft A. Adverse effects of neuromuscular blocking agents based on yellow card reporting in the U.K.: Are there differences between males and females? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15(3): 151-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1196] [PMID: 16395661]
[150]
Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C, Castells MC, Hepner DL. Anesthesia in the patient with multiple drug allergies: Are all allergies the same? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24(3): 320-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e3283466c13] [PMID: 21494128]
[151]
Florvaag E, Johansson SGO, Irgens Å, de Pater GH. IgE-sensitization to the cough suppressant pholcodine and the effects of its withdrawal from the Norwegian market. Allergy 2011; 66(7): 955-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02518.x] [PMID: 21241314]
[152]
Sadleir PHM, Clarke RC, Bunning DL, Platt PR. Anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking drugs: Incidence and cross-reactivity in Western Australia from 2002 to 2011. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110(6): 981-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes506] [PMID: 23335568]
[153]
Chiriac AM, Tacquard C, Fadhel NB, et al. Safety of subsequent general anaesthesia in patients allergic to neuromuscular blocking agents: Value of allergy skin testing. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120(6): 1437-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.004] [PMID: 29793615]
[154]
Garvey LH, Ebo DG, Mertes PM, et al. An EAACI position paper on the investigation of perioperative immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy 2019; 74(10): 1872-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.13820] [PMID: 30964555]
[155]
Garvey LH, Roed-Petersen J, Husum B. Anaphylactic reactions in anaesthetised patients - four cases of chlorhexidine allergy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45(10): 1290-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.451020.x] [PMID: 11736685]
[156]
Opstrup MS, Malling HJ, Krøigaard M, et al. Standardized testing with chlorhexidine in perioperative allergy - a large single-centre evaluation. Allergy 2014; 69(10): 1390-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12466] [PMID: 24957973]
[157]
Caballero MR, Lukawska J, Dugué P. A hidden cause of perioperative anaphylaxis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2010; 20(4): 353-4.
[PMID: 20815316]
[158]
Caraballo J, Binkley E, Han I, Dowden A. Intraoperative anaphylaxis to bacitracin during scleral buckle surgery. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 119(6): 559-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.09.002] [PMID: 29042173]
[159]
Lucová M, Hojerová J, Pažoureková S, Klimová Z. Absorption of triphenylmethane dyes brilliant blue and patent blue through intact skin, shaven skin and lingual mucosa from daily life products. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 52: 19-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.027] [PMID: 23127598]
[160]
Mertes PM, Malinovsky JM, Mouton-Faivre C, et al. Anaphylaxis to dyes during the perioperative period: Reports of 14 clinical cases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122(2): 348-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.040] [PMID: 18554702]
[161]
Hunting AS, Nopp A, Johansson SGO, Andersen F, Wilhelmsen V, Guttormsen AB. Anaphylaxis to patent blue V.I. Clinical aspects. Allergy 2010; 65(1): 117-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02192.x] [PMID: 19793057]
[162]
Tejedor Alonso MA, Moro Moro M, Múgica García MV. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45(6): 1027-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12418] [PMID: 25495512]
[163]
Banerji A, Bhattacharya G, Huebner E, et al. Perioperative allergic reactions: Allergy assessment and subsequent anesthesia. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9(5): 1980-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.11.025] [PMID: 33248280]
[164]
Kroigaard M, Garvey LH, Gillberg L, et al. Scandinavian clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis, management and follow-up of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51(6): 655-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01313.x] [PMID: 17567266]
[165]
Garvey LH, Dewachter P, Hepner DL, et al. Management of suspected immediate perioperative allergic reactions: An international overview and consensus recommendations. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123(1): e50-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.044] [PMID: 31130272]
[166]
Pfützner W, Brockow K. Perioperative drug reactions - practical recommendations for allergy testing and patient management. Allergo J Int 2018; 27(4): 126-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-018-0071-1] [PMID: 29974032]
[167]
Matito A, Alvarez-Twose I, Morgado JM, Sanchez-Munoz L, Orfao A, Escribano L. Clinical impact of pregnancy in mastocytosis: A study of the spanish network on mastocytosis (REMA) in 45 cases Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156(1): 104-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000321954] [PMID: 21447966]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy