Abstract
There is a need to explore natural compounds against COVID-19 due to their multitargeted actions against various targets of nCoV. They act on multiple sites rather than single targets against several diseases. Thus, there is a possibility that natural resources can be repurposed to combat COVID-19. However, the biochemical mechanisms of these inhibitors were not known. To reveal the mode of anti-nCoV action, structure-based docking plays a major role. The present study is an attempt to explore various potential targets of SARS-CoV-2 and the structure-based screening of various potential natural inhibitors to combat the novel coronavirus.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7] [PMID: 32015507]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206779010369] [PMID: 17168763]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v4061011] [PMID: 22816037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.177] [PMID: 28134265]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-3215-y] [PMID: 28078475]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.12936] [PMID: 25039866]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v6082991] [PMID: 25105276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.022] [PMID: 17825937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0757] [PMID: 11162792]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301] [PMID: 27578435]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15092] [PMID: 28393837]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2090] [PMID: 19198616]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.081] [PMID: 14715271]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02145] [PMID: 14647384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403812101] [PMID: 15496474]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.11.5642-5650.2004] [PMID: 15140961]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00315-07] [PMID: 17715238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02325-17] [PMID: 29789363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01577-06] [PMID: 17182690]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.005] [PMID: 25726972]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0] [PMID: 31133031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.06.044] [PMID: 15288785]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000511] [PMID: 19593379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01131-10] [PMID: 20719948]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01872-15] [PMID: 26861016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2015.11.015] [PMID: 26691874]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm500089r] [PMID: 24564608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.009] [PMID: 24418573]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00133-08] [PMID: 18448518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2012.11.016] [PMID: 23178926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.24.15199-15208.2005] [PMID: 16306591]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1690480] [PMID: 31724441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.028] [PMID: 25614110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.034] [PMID: 19409595]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M502577200] [PMID: 15788388]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.24.15189-15198.2005] [PMID: 16306590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0504761] [PMID: 16042412]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800502105] [PMID: 18550812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206776361147] [PMID: 16611118]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02130-09] [PMID: 20071563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.04.007] [PMID: 27064001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05957-11] [PMID: 22072787]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0307877101] [PMID: 15007178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2004.01.016] [PMID: 14962394]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.071] [PMID: 18694760]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10280-3] [PMID: 31138817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1404-x] [PMID: 22791111]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323705111] [PMID: 25197083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1164] [PMID: 23606593]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.034]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450122666210309105820] [PMID: 33687893]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00598-8] [PMID: 32656311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.017] [PMID: 27888157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81462-7] [PMID: 33479401]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104560] [PMID: 34147855]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1275-0228] [PMID: 33184809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226900] [PMID: 34833991]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.10.016] [PMID: 15138081]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1RA04197E] [PMID: 35480004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.002] [PMID: 35219218]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037] [PMID: 32283152]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-00684-x] [PMID: 32684166]
[PMID: 32568012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S292805] [PMID: 33737804]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.61.03.0010] [PMID: 19222908]
[PMID: 32938313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.033] [PMID: 20447389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001792R] [PMID: 33749932]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020282] [PMID: 33670363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020523]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01324] [PMID: 33844528]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74715-4] [PMID: 33077836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173448] [PMID: 32768503]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf990186p] [PMID: 10552865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.039] [PMID: 26049981]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2014.09.002] [PMID: 28626667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104451] [PMID: 32640381]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2016.19.005] [PMID: 27280048]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.583387] [PMID: 33767619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.010] [PMID: 25449458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.018] [PMID: 22771545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.07.009] [PMID: 24929458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules13123224] [PMID: 19104487]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193546] [PMID: 31574991]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s] [PMID: 17663539]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01461] [PMID: 26878082]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.561334] [PMID: 33101023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2012.753591] [PMID: 23323951]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.035] [PMID: 20934345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026095608691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002] [PMID: 16115693]
[PMID: 1439191]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-12011] [PMID: 11345693]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0892-3] [PMID: 28439780]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2014.1003215] [PMID: 25683083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1810778] [PMID: 32851919]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104683] [PMID: 34329860]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1758790] [PMID: 32306860]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00491] [PMID: 32530282]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1779128] [PMID: 32552361]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6998] [PMID: 33448101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-011-0845-8] [PMID: 22350287]
[PMID: 32568613]
[PMID: 33305988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18040225] [PMID: 32340389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11030-021-10251-1] [PMID: 34117992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9811065] [PMID: 10794622]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000892m] [PMID: 11410016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.081] [PMID: 22578462]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197989] [PMID: 32360300]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.12.011] [PMID: 24370660]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198226] [PMID: 30485282]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25761] [PMID: 32167173]
[PMID: 32720577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku632] [PMID: 25053847]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251801] [PMID: 33984041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111544] [PMID: 34311539]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5324560] [PMID: 33029513]
[PMID: 32397940]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00087] [PMID: 30298133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.730288] [PMID: 34458164]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00201-7] [PMID: 34255214]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136] [PMID: 32329419]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.012] [PMID: 27344138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp7000928] [PMID: 17970592]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.669642] [PMID: 34220507]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760200207] [PMID: 33027419]