Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Letters in Drug Design & Discovery

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1808
ISSN (Online): 1875-628X

Back
Review Article

A Review on Traditional Anti-ulcer Medicinal Plants

Author(s): Ambrish K. Singh*, Priyamvada Arun, Jyoti Shukla, Ajay Kumar, Manmath K. Nandi, Zainularifeen Abduljaleel, Saeed S. Al-Ghamdi, Abdullah R. Alzahrani and Naiyer Shahzad*

Volume 20, Issue 4, 2023

Published on: 20 October, 2022

Page: [408 - 419] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220909090512

Price: $65

Abstract

Traditional remedies have been used for generations to treat and maintain people's health and indigenous medicinal plants are an important part of this system, which, unlike western medicine, provide cures for practically all illnesses with no side effects. Ulcer is a chronic ailment that affects most of the world's population and has no absolute cure. An ulcer is the erosion of mucous lining in the gastrointestinal tract due to over secretion of HCl in the stomach, leading to inflammation and soreness. Consumption of highly spicy meals, an obese lifestyle, an unplanned diet, the use of excessive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, smoking, stress, an irregular sleep cycle, and regular alcohol consumption are all possible causes of ulcers. Ayurvedic and traditional medicine practitioners employ a variety of indigenous medicinal plants to cure ulcers. This review covers a wide variety of medicinal plants that may work as anti-ulcer and deserve more investigation.

Keywords: Anti-ulcer activity, Indigenous plants, Traditional medicines, Peptic ulcer, duodenal ulcer, ayurvedic medicines

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Vimala, G.; Gricilda Shoba, F. A review on antiulcer activity of few Indian medicinal plants. Int. J. Microbiol., 2014, 2014, 519590-519590.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/519590] [PMID: 24971094]
[2]
Gothai, S.; Muniandy, K.; Gnanaraj, C.; Ibrahim, I.A.A.; Shahzad, N.; Al-Ghamdi, S.S.; Ayoub, N.; Veeraraghavan, V.P.; Kumar, S.S.; Esa, N.M.; Arulselvan, P. Pharmacological insights into antioxidants against colorectal cancer: A detailed review of the possible mechanisms. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2018, 107, 1514-1522.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.112] [PMID: 30257369]
[3]
Ju, J.; Gothai, S.; Hasanpourghadi, M.; Nasser, A.; Aziz Ibrahim, I.; Shahzad, N.; Pandurangan, A.; Muniandy, K.; Kumar, S.; Arulselvan, P. Anticancer potential of Moringa oleifera flower extract in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells via induction of apoptosis and downregulation of AKT pathway. Pharmacogn. Mag., 2018, 14(2018), 477-481.
[4]
Ibrahim, I.A.; Abdulla, M.A.; Hajrezaie, M.; Bader, A.; Shahzad, N.; Al-Ghamdi, S.S.; Gushash, A.S.; Hasanpourghadi, M. The gastroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Monolluma quadrangula against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in Sprague Dawley rats. Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 2015, 10, 93-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S91247] [PMID: 26766904]
[5]
Brooks, F.P. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease. Dig. Dis. Sci., 1985, 30(11)(Suppl.), 15S-29S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309381] [PMID: 4053922]
[6]
Alok, D.S.; Shashi Alok, S.K.; Shukla, P. A book on in vitro evaluation of antlithiatic activity; Lambert Academic Publishing: Germany, 2012.
[7]
Salama, S.M.; Ibrahim, I.A.A.; Shahzad, N.; Al-Ghamdi, S.; Ayoub, N.; AlRashdi, A.S.; Abdulla, M.A.; Salehen, N.; Bilgen, M. Hepatoprotectivity of Panduratin A against liver damage: In vivo demonstration with a rat model of cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide. APMIS, 2018, 126(9), 710-721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apm.12878] [PMID: 30058214]
[8]
Marshall, B.J.; Warren, J.R. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet, 1984, 1(8390), 1311-1315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6] [PMID: 6145023]
[9]
Malfertheiner, P.; Chan, F.K.; McColl, K.E. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet, 2009, 374(9699), 1449-1461.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7] [PMID: 19683340]
[10]
Lokman, M.S.; Zaafar, D.; Althagafi, H.A.; Abdel Daim, M.M.; Theyab, A.; Hasan Mufti, A.; Algahtani, M.; Habotta, O.A.; Alghamdi, A.A.A.; Alsharif, K.F.; Albrakati, A.; Oyouni, A.A.A.; Bauomy, A.A.; Baty, R.S.; Zhery, A.S.; Hassan, K.E.; Abdel Moneim, A.E.; Kassab, R.B. Antiulcer activity of proanthocyanidins is mediated via suppression of oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic machineries. J. Food Biochem., 2022, 46(2), e14070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14070] [PMID: 35034361]
[11]
Macdonald, G. Harrison’s. Intern. Med., 2008.
[12]
El-Shiekh, R.A.; Salama, A.; Al-Mokaddem, A.K.; Bader, A.; Abdel-Sattar, E.A.; Russelioside, B.; Russelioside, B. A pregnane glycoside for treatment of gastric ulcer via modulation of heat shock protein-70 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Steroids, 2021, 165, 108759-108759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108759] [PMID: 33181144]
[13]
Chung, K.T.; Shelat, V.G. Perforated peptic ulcer - an update. World J. Gastrointest. Surg., 2017, 9(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v9.i1.1] [PMID: 28138363]
[14]
Adinortey, M.B.; Ansah, C.; Galyuon, I.; Nyarko, A. In vivo models used for evaluation of potential antigastroduodenal ulcer agents. Ulcers, 2013, 2013, 796405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/796405]
[15]
Singh, S. Evaluation of gastric anti-ulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimum basilicum Linn. and its possible mechanism of action. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 1999, 37(3), 253-257.
[PMID: 10641155]
[16]
Hakkim, F.L.; Shankar, C.G.; Girija, S. Chemical composition and antioxidant property of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) leaves, stems, and inflorescence and their in vitro callus cultures. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55(22), 9109-9117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf071509h] [PMID: 17924700]
[17]
Singh, S.; Majumdar, D.K. Evaluation of the gastric antiulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil). J. Ethnopharmacol., 1999, 65(1), 13-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00142-1] [PMID: 10350365]
[18]
Sairam, K.; Priyambada, S.; Aryya, N.C.; Goel, R.K. Gastroduodenal ulcer protective activity of Asparagus racemosus: An experimental, biochemical and histological study. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2003, 86(1), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00342-2] [PMID: 12686434]
[19]
Bhatnagar, M.; Sisodia, S.S.; Bhatnagar, R. Antiulcer and antioxidant activity of Asparagus racemosus Willd and Withania somnifera Dunal in rats. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2005, 1056(1), 261-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1352.027] [PMID: 16387694]
[20]
Borra, S.K. Anti-ulcer effect of Aloe vera in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced peptic ulcers in rats. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2011, 5(16), 1867-1871.
[21]
Sinnadurai, G.; Rameela, N. Anti-ulcer activity of aloe vera juice and aloe vera and amla fruit combined juice in ethanol induced ulcerated rats. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 6(6)
[22]
Saha, S.; Goswami, G. Study of anti ulcer activity of Ficus religiosa L. on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 2010, 3(10), 791-793.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60189-7]
[23]
Gregory, M.; Divya, B.; Mary, R.A.; Viji, M.M.H.; Kalaichelvan, V.K.; Palanivel, V. Anti-ulcer activity of Ficus religiosa leaf ethanolic extract. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2013, 3(7), 554-556.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60112-4] [PMID: 23836366]
[24]
Sekar, T.; Subitha, K.; Ayyanar, T.; Udayakumar, M. Ethnomedicinal plants used by Kani tribals in Pechiparai forests of Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. 2011, 12, 349-354.
[25]
Choudhary, M.K.; Bodakhe, S.H.; Gupta, S.K. Assessment of the antiulcer potential of Moringa oleifera root-bark extract in rats. J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud., 2013, 6(4), 214-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.07.003] [PMID: 23972244]
[26]
Kansara, S.; Singhal, M. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Moringa oleifera seed extract, 2013.
[27]
Kottaimuthu, R. Ethnobotany of the Valaiyans of Karandamalai, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India, Ethnobotan. Leaflets, 2008, 2008(1) Available from: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2008/iss1/24/
[28]
Vij, T.; Prashar, Y. A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2015, 5(1), 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60617-4]
[29]
Kaur, M.; Singh, A.; Kumar, B. Comparative antidiarrheal and antiulcer effect of the aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Tinospora cordifolia in rats. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res., 2014, 5(3), 122-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.137417] [PMID: 25126533]
[30]
Bafna, P.A.; Balaraman, R. Anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity of pepticare, a herbomineral formulation. Phytomedicine, 2005, 12(4), 264-270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.009] [PMID: 15898703]
[31]
Tian, M.; Yan, H.; Row, K.H. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin from Licorice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2008, 9, 571-577.
[32]
Jalilzadeh-Amin, G.; Najarnezhad, V.; Anassori, E.; Mostafavi, M.; Keshipour, H. Antiulcer properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract on experimental models of gastric ulcer in mice. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 2015, 14(4), 1163-1170.
[PMID: 26664383]
[33]
Karthikeyan, S.; Gobianand, K.J.P.B. Antiulcer activity of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia fistula., 2010, 48, 869-877.
[34]
Danai, P.; Patel, S.; Pandey, V.; Singh, P.; Yadav, G.; Kumar, A.; Agarwal, T. Antiulcerogenic activity of Anogeissus pendula hydroalcoholic extract on pylorus ligated induced gastric ulcers in Albino Wistar rats. Phytomedicine Plus, 2021, 1(4), 100127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100127]
[35]
Maity, P.; Hansda, D.; Bandyopadhyay, U.; Mishra, D.K. Biological activities of crude extracts and chemical constituents of Bael, Aegle marmelos (L.). Corr. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2009, 47(11), 849-861.
[PMID: 20099458]
[36]
Ilavarasan, J.R.; Monideen, S.; Vijayalakshmi, M. Antiulcer activity of Aegle marmelos Linn. Anc. Sci. Life, 2002, 21(4), 256-259.
[PMID: 22557064]
[37]
Rahman, S.; Parvin, R.J.A.P.J.o.T.D. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-An overview. 2014, 4, 71-77.
[38]
Shahana, S.; Nikalje, A.; Nikalje, G. A brief review on Bauhinia variegata: Phytochemistry, antidiabetic and antioxidant potential. Am. J. Pharma Tech Res., 2017, 7(1), 187-197.
[39]
Kavimani, S. Anti-ulcer effect of Bauhinia variegata Linn. in Rats. J. Nat. Rem., 2003, 3(2), 215-217.
[40]
Kumar, Y.; Rajani, G.P. Analgesic and anti-ulcer activities of ethanol and aqueous extracts of root of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Int. J. Pharmacol., 2011, 7(5), 616-622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.616.622]
[41]
da Silva, L.M.; Allemand, A.; Mendes, D.A.; Dos Santos, A.C.; André, E.; de Souza, L.M.; Cipriani, T.R.; Dartora, N.; Marques, M.C.; Baggio, C.H.; Werner, M.F. Ethanolic extract of roots from Arctium lappa L. accelerates the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Involvement of the antioxidant system. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2013, 51, 179-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.026] [PMID: 23036453]
[42]
Carlotto, J.; da Silva, L.M.; Dartora, N.; Maria-Ferreira, D.; Sabry, D.A.; Filho, A.P.S.; de Paula Werner, M.F.; Sassaki, G.L.; Gorin, P.A.J.; Iacomini, M.; Cipriani, T.R.; de Souza, L.M. Identification of a dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer from Arctium lappa with a potent anti-ulcer activity. Talanta, 2015, 135, 50-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.068] [PMID: 25640125]
[43]
Kulshreshtha, M.; Srivastava, G.; Singh, M.P. Pathophysiological status and nutritional therapy of peptic ulcer: An update. Environ. Dis., 2017, 2(3), 76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_11_17]
[44]
Chattopadhyay, I.; Nandi, B.; Chatterjee, R.; Biswas, K.; Bandyopadhyay, U.; Banerjee, R.K. Mechanism of antiulcer effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract: Effect on H+-K+-ATPase, oxidative damage and apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology, 2004, 12(2), 153-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568560041352257] [PMID: 15265317]
[45]
Joseph, B.; Jini, D. Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2013, 3(2), 93-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60052-3]
[46]
Alam, S.; Asad, M.; Asdaq, S.M.B.; Prasad, V.S. Antiulcer activity of methanolic extract of Momordica charantia L. in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2009, 123(3), 464-469.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.024] [PMID: 19501279]
[47]
Grover, J.K.; Yadav, S.P. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2004, 93(1), 123-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035] [PMID: 15182917]
[48]
Bhadoriya, S.S.; Ganeshpurkar, A.; Narwaria, J.; Rai, G.; Jain, A.P. Tamarindus indica: Extent of explored potential. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2011, 5(9), 73-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79102] [PMID: 22096321]
[49]
Kalra, P.; Sharma, S. Suman, Suresh, K. Antiulcer effect of the methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica seeds in different experimental models. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci., 2011, 3(2), 236-241.
[50]
Raja, L.; Jegan, N.; Wesley, J. Antiulcerogenic activity of alcoholic extract of the leaves of Tamarindus indica (L) on experimental ulcer models. Pharmacol. Online, 2008, 3, 85-92.
[51]
Bag, A.; Bhattacharyya, S.K.; Chattopadhyay, R.R. The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2013, 3(3), 244-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60059-3] [PMID: 23620847]
[52]
Raju, D.; Ilango, K.; Chitra, V.; Ashish, K. Evaluation of Anti-ulcer activity of methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula fruits in experimental rats. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2009, 1(3), 101-107.
[53]
Sharma, P.; Prakash, T.; Kotresha, D.; Ansari, M.A.; Sahrm, U.R.; Kumar, B.; Debnath, J.; Goli, D. Antiulcerogenic activity of Terminalia chebula fruit in experimentally induced ulcer in rats. Pharm. Biol., 2011, 49(3), 262-268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2010.503709] [PMID: 21323478]
[54]
Ravikumar, S.; Venkatachalam, K.; Muruganandam, S. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the Malayali Tribals in Jawadhu Hills of Thiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour., 2014, 4(5), 55-60.
[55]
Greenwell, M.; Rahman, P.K.S.M. Medicinal Plants: Their use in anticancer treatment. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2015, 6(10), 4103-4112.
[PMID: 26594645]
[56]
Jainu, M.; Devi, C.S. Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer models: possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 104(1-2), 156-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.064] [PMID: 16202548]
[57]
Labib, R.M.; Srivedavyasasri, R.; Youssef, F.S.; Ross, S.A. Secondary metabolites isolated from Pinus roxburghii and interpretation of their cannabinoid and opioid binding properties by virtual screening and in vitro studies. Saudi Pharm. J., 2018, 26, 437-444.
[58]
Kaushik, D.; Kumar, A.; Kaushik, P.; Rana, A.C. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Adv. Pharmacol. Sci., 2012, 2012, 245431.
[59]
Sachan, S.; Paarakh, P.; Gavani, U. Antibacterial activity of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn leaves. J. Pharm. Res., 2009, 2, 1206-1207.
[60]
Umamaheswari, M.; Asokkumar, K.; Rathidevi, R.; Sivashanmugam, A.T.; Subhadradevi, V.; Ravi, T.K. Antiulcer and in vitro antioxidant activities of Jasminum grandiflorum L. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2007, 110(3), 464-470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.017] [PMID: 17125945]
[61]
Sharma, B. Phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of Nerium indicum mill. Inter. Pharmaceut. Sci., 2012, 3
[62]
Vinayagam, A.; Sudha, P.N. Separation and identification of phenolic acid and flavonoids from Nerium indicum flowers. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 77, 91-95.
[63]
Dey, P.; Chaudhuri, T.K. Pharmacological aspects of Nerium indicum Mill: A comprehensive review. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2014, 8(16), 156-162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.134250] [PMID: 25125887]
[64]
Bhatnagar, A.; Bhatnagar, A.; Sharma, V.K. Relative toxicity and persistence of plant products against maize stem borer on maize. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci., 1999, 7(2), 144-149.
[65]
Ado, B. Antiulcer activity of Musa paradisiaca (banana) tepal and skin extracts in ulcer induced albino mice. Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 2016, 20(5), 1203-1216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2005-27]
[66]
Rambhai, P.; Sisodia, S. Indian medicinal plants for treatment of ulcer: Systematic review. UK J. Pharm. Biosci., 2018, 6, 38-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20510/ukjpb/6/i6/179237]
[67]
Abdulla, M. Badam (Prunus amygdalus Bail.): A fruit with medicinal properties. Umnani Syst. Med., 2017, 114, 114-117.
[68]
Bhupalam, P.; Padmanabha, R.; Devanna, N.; Somasekhar Reddy, K.; Sudheer, A.; Babu, G. Evaluation of anti ulcer effect of Polyalthia longifolia leaves in albino rats. Inter. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 3, 1584-1586.
[69]
Malairajan, P.; Gopalakrishnan, G.; Narasimhan, S.; Veni, K.J.K. Evalution of anti-ulcer activity of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites in experimental animals. Indian J. Pharmacol., 2008, 40(3), 126-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.42306] [PMID: 20040940]
[70]
Rk, S.; Mandal, S.; Gp, R.; Gupta, N.; Dp, S. Antiulcer and antiinflammatory activity of fresh leave extracts of Polyalthia longifolia in rats. Inter. J. Drug Develop. Res., 2011, 3, 351-359.
[71]
Kumar, A.; Mazumder, K.; Gupta, M.; Ray, S. Effects of methanolic extract of Oxystelma esculentum on diuresis and urinary electrolytes excretion in rats. Iranian J. Pharmacol. Therap., 2007, 6 Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.1003.8215&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[72]
Pandya, D.D.; Anand, I.S. Anti-ulcer potential of Oxystelma esculentum. Inter. J. Green Pharm., 2011, 5(1), 65-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.82101]
[73]
Ito, V.C.; Lacerda, L.G. Black rice (Oryza sativa L.): A review of its historical aspects, chemical composition, nutritional and functional properties, and applications and processing technologies. Food Chem., 2019, 301, 125304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125304] [PMID: 31394335]
[74]
Paguigan, N.D.; Castillo, D.H.; Chichioco-Hernandez, C.L. Anti-ulcer activity of leguminosae plants. Arq. Gastroenterol., 2014, 51(1), 64-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032014000100013] [PMID: 24760067]
[75]
Tonchaiyaphum, P.; Arpornchayanon, W.; Khonsung, P.; Chiranthanut, N.; Pitchakarn, P.; Kunanusorn, P. Gastroprotective activities of ethanol extract of black rice bran (Oryza sativa L.) in Rats. Molecules, 2021, 26(13), 3812.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133812] [PMID: 34206628]
[76]
Trinovita, E.; Chany Saputri, F.; Mun’im, A. Potential gastroprotective activity of rice bran (Oryza sativa L.) extracted by ionic liquid-microwave-assisted extraction against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcers in rat model. 2018, 86, 35.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy