Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-4501
ISSN (Online): 1873-5592

Mini-Review Article

Elabela Peptide: An Emerging Target in Therapeutics

Author(s): Maneesha Sharma, Kedar S. Prabhavalkar and Lokesh Kumar Bhatt*

Volume 23, Issue 14, 2022

Published on: 15 September, 2022

Page: [1304 - 1318] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220826160123

Price: $65

Abstract

Elabela, a bioactive micropeptide, is recognized as the second endogenous ligand for the Apelin receptor and is widely distributed in different tissues and organs. Elabela plays an important role in various physiological processes, such as blood pressure control, heart morphogenesis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, etc. Elabela is also implicated in pathological conditions, like cardiac dysfunctions, heart failure, hypertension, kidney diseases, cancer and CNS disorders. The association of Elabela with these disease conditions makes it a potential target for their therapy. This review summarizes the physiological role of Elabela peptide as well as its implication in various disease conditions.

Keywords: Elabela, APJ receptor, Cardiovascular diseases, Kidney diseases, Cancer, CNS diseases.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Murza A, Sainsily X, Coquerel D, et al. Discovery and structure-activity relationship of a bioactive fragment of ELABELA that modulates vascular and cardiac functions. J Med Chem 2016; 59(7): 2962-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01549] [PMID: 26986036]
[2]
Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, et al. International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. CVII. Structure and pharmacology of the apelin receptor with a recommendation that elabela/toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71(4): 467-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.119.017533] [PMID: 31492821]
[3]
Hassan AS, Hou J, Wei W, Hoodless PA. Expression of two novel transcripts in the mouse definitive endoderm. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10(2-3): 127-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2010.02.001] [PMID: 20153842]
[4]
Perjés Á, Kilpiö T, Ulvila J, et al. Characterization of apela, a novel endogenous ligand of apelin receptor, in the adult heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111(1): 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00395-015-0521-6] [PMID: 26611206]
[5]
Torino D, Mollica A, Pinnen F, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of new endomorphin analogues modified at the Pro(2) residue. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19(15): 4115-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.008] [PMID: 19560919]
[6]
Della Valle A, Stefanucci A, Scioli G, et al. Selective MOR activity of DAPEA and Endomorphin-2 analogues containing a (R)-γ-Freidinger lactam in position two. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115: 105219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105219] [PMID: 34343741]
[7]
Xie F, Lv D, Chen L. ELABELA: a novel hormone in cardiac development acting as a new endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2014; 46(7): 620-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmu032] [PMID: 24829400]
[8]
Yavuzkir S, Ustebay S, Ugur K, et al. Elabela, nitric oxide and apelin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Gynecol Reprod Med 2020; 4(3): 3-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/JGRM.04.03.04]
[9]
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Luo M, et al. Elabela protects against podocyte injury in mice with streptozocin-induced diabetes by associating with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Peptides 2019; 114: 29-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.005] [PMID: 30959144]
[10]
Liu L, Yi X, Lu C, et al. Study progression of Apelin/APJ signaling and apela in different types of cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11: 658253.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.658253] [PMID: 33912466]
[11]
Azzi M, Charest PG, Angers S, et al. Beta-arrestin-mediated activation of MAPK by inverse agonists reveals distinct active conformations for G protein-coupled receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(20): 11406-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1936664100] [PMID: 13679574]
[12]
Liu W, Yan J, Pan W, Tang M. Apelin/Elabela-APJ: a novel therapeutic target in the cardiovascular system. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8(5): 243-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.02.07] [PMID: 32309390]
[13]
Kuba K, Sato T, Imai Y, Yamaguchi T. Apelin and Elabela/Toddler; double ligands for APJ/Apelin receptor in heart development, physiology, and pathology. Peptides 2019; 111: 62-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.011] [PMID: 29684595]
[14]
Dagamajalu S, Rex DAB, Suchitha GP, Rai AB, Rainey JK, Prasad TSK. The network map of Elabela signaling pathway in physiological and pathological conditions. J Cell Commun Signal 2022; 16(1): 145-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12079-021-00640-4] [PMID: 34339006]
[15]
Georgiadou D, Boussata S, van Dijk M. ELABELA measurements by commercial ELISA kits require sample extraction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317(6): E1218-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00257.2019] [PMID: 31808726]
[16]
Chng SC, Ho L, Tian J, Reversade B. ELABELA: a hormone essential for heart development signals via the apelin receptor. Dev Cell 2013; 27(6): 672-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.002] [PMID: 24316148]
[17]
Chapman FA, Nyimanu D, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP, Newby DE, Dhaun N. The therapeutic potential of apelin in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17(12): 840-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00461-z] [PMID: 34389827]
[18]
Ma Z, Song J-J, Martin S, Yang X-C, Zhong J-C. The Elabela-APJ axis: a promising therapeutic target for heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 26(5): 1249-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-09957-5] [PMID: 32314083]
[19]
Hashimoto Y, Ishida J, Yamamoto R, et al. G protein-coupled APJ receptor signaling induces focal adhesion formation and cell motility. Int J Mol Med 2005; 16(5): 787-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.16.5.787] [PMID: 16211245]
[20]
Szokodi I, Tavi P, Földes G, et al. Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility. Circ Res 2002; 91(5): 434-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000033522.37861.69] [PMID: 12215493]
[21]
Dray C, Knauf C, Daviaud D, et al. Apelin stimulates glucose utilization in normal and obese insulin-resistant mice. Cell Metab 2008; 8(5): 437-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2008.10.003] [PMID: 19046574]
[22]
Wootten D, Christopoulos A, Marti-Solano M, Babu MM, Sexton PM. Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19(10): 638-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0049-3] [PMID: 30104700]
[23]
De Mota N, Reaux-Le Goazigo A, El Messari S, et al. Apelin, a potent diuretic neuropeptide counteracting vasopressin actions through inhibition of vasopressin neuron activity and vasopressin release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(28): 10464-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403518101] [PMID: 15231996]
[24]
Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, et al. Elabela/toddler is an endogenous agonist of the apelin apj receptor in the adult cardiovascular system, and exogenous administration of the peptide compensates for the downregulation of its expression in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2017; 135(12): 1160-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023218] [PMID: 28137936]
[25]
Hu G, Wang Z, Zhang R, Sun W, Chen X. The role of apelin/apelin receptor in energy metabolism and water homeostasis: a comprehensive narrative review. Front Physiol 2021; 12: 632886.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.632886] [PMID: 33679444]
[26]
Xu J, Chen L, Jiang Z, Li L. Biological functions of Elabela, a novel endogenous ligand of APJ receptor. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233(9): 6472-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26492] [PMID: 29350399]
[27]
Cheng B, Chen J, Bai B, Xin Q. Neuroprotection of apelin and its signaling pathway. Peptides 2012; 37(1): 171-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.012] [PMID: 22820556]
[28]
Chen Z, Wu C, Liu Y, et al. ELABELA attenuates deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt-induced hypertension and renal injury by inhibition of NADPH oxidase/ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11(8): 698.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-02912-0] [PMID: 32829380]
[29]
Xu C, Wang F, Chen Y, et al. ELABELA antagonizes intrarenal renin-angiotensin system to lower blood pressure and protects against renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318(5): F1122-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00606.2019] [PMID: 32174138]
[30]
Xu F, Zhou H, Wu M, et al. Fc-Elabela fusion protein attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced kidney injury in mice. Biosci Rep 2020; 40(9): 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BSR20192397] [PMID: 32808659]
[31]
Li C, Miao X, Wang S, et al. Elabela may regulate SIRT3-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress through Foxo3a deacetylation preventing diabetic-induced myocardial injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25(1): 323-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16052] [PMID: 33244875]
[32]
Soulet F, Bodineau C, Hooks KB, et al. ELA/APELA precursor cleaved by furin displays tumor suppressor function in renal cell carcinoma through mTORC1 activation. JCI Insight 2020; 5(14): 1-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.129070] [PMID: 32516140]
[33]
Tian Q-P, Liu M-L, Zhang Y-R, et al. Plasma level of elabela in patients with coronary heart disease and its correlation with the disease classification. Int Heart J 2021; 62(4): 752-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.20-817] [PMID: 34276017]
[34]
Megaly M, Xenogiannis I, Abi Rafeh N, et al. Retrograde approach to chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13(5): e008900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.008900] [PMID: 32338524]
[35]
Sianos G, Barlis P, Di Mario C, et al. European experience with the retrograde approach for the recanalisation of coronary artery chronic total occlusions. A report on behalf of the euroCTO club. EuroIntervention 2008; 4(1): 84-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4244/EIJV4I1A15] [PMID: 19112784]
[36]
Negri S, Faris P, Berra-Romani R, Guerra G, Moccia F. Endothelial transient receptor potential channels and vascular remodeling: extracellular Ca2 + entry for angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis. Front Physiol 2020; 10: 1618.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01618] [PMID: 32038296]
[37]
Yavuz F, Kaplan M. Associação entre os níveis séricos de elabela e oclusão total crônica em pacientes com angina pectoris estável. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117(3): 503-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200492] [PMID: 34076064]
[38]
He J, Zhang G, Pang Q, et al. SIRT6 reduces macrophage foam cell formation by inducing autophagy and cholesterol efflux under ox-LDL condition. FEBS J 2017; 284(9): 1324-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.14055] [PMID: 28296196]
[39]
Shi Y, Wang S, Peng H, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 attenuates vascular calcification by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated apoptosis in rats. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15(1): 138-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.28873] [PMID: 30662354]
[40]
Thomas MC, Pickering RJ, Tsorotes D, et al. Genetic Ace2 deficiency accentuates vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in the ApoE knockout mouse. Circ Res 2010; 107(7): 888-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.219279] [PMID: 20671240]
[41]
Yu P, Ma S, Dai X, Cao F. Elabela alleviates myocardial ischemia reperfusion-induced apoptosis, fibrosis and mitochondrial dysfunction through PI3K/AKT signaling. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12(8): 4467-77.
[PMID: 32913520]
[42]
Wang C, Youle RJ. The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 43(1): 95-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134850] [PMID: 19659442]
[43]
Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Aydin Y, et al. Effects of iloprost and sildenafil treatment on elabela, apelin-13, nitric oxide, and total antioxidant and total oxidant status in experimental enzyme-positive acute coronary syndrome in rats. Biotech Histochem 2020; 95(2): 145-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2019.1653497] [PMID: 31429306]
[44]
Du SL, Yang XC, Zhong JC, Wang LF, Fan YF. Plasma levels of Elabela are associated with coronary angiographic severity in patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Geriatr Cardiol 2020; 17(11): 674-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2020.11.004] [PMID: 33343646]
[45]
Yavuz F. Association between serum elabela levels and chronic totally occlusion in patients with stable angina pectoris. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117: 503-10.
[46]
Acele A, Bulut A, Donmez Y, Koc M. Serum elabela level significantly increased in patients with complete heart block. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2020; 35(5): 683-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0461] [PMID: 33118733]
[47]
Yang P, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Apelin, Elabela/Toddler, and biased agonists as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36(9): 560-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.002] [PMID: 26143239]
[48]
Ma Z, Zhao L, Martin S, et al. Lower plasma elabela levels in hypertensive patients with heart failure predict the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events: a preliminary study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8: 638468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.638468] [PMID: 33738301]
[49]
Bulut A, Acele A, Dönmez Y, Sümbül HE, Koç M. Increased serum elabela level related to NT-proBNP in patients with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Med 2020; 8(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.32596/ejcm.galenos.2020.11.059]
[50]
Xi Y, Yu D, Yang R, et al. Recombinant Fc-Elabela fusion protein has extended plasma half-life andmitigates post-infarct heart dysfunction in rats. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292: 180-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.089] [PMID: 31101543]
[51]
Dönmez Y, Acele A. Increased Elabela levels in the acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. Medicine 2019; 98(43): e17645.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017645] [PMID: 31651884]
[52]
Rakhshan K, Azizi Y, Naderi N, Ghardashi Afousi A, Aboutaleb N. ELABELA (ELA) peptide exerts cardioprotection against myocardial infarction by targeting oxidative stress and the improvement of heart function. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019; 25(2): 613-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10989-018-9707-8]
[53]
Jin L, Pan Y, Li Q, Li J, Wang Z. Elabela gene therapy promotes angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25(17): 8537-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16814] [PMID: 34291565]
[54]
Liet B, Nys N, Siegfried G. Elabela/toddler: New peptide with a promising future in cancer diagnostic and therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2021; 1868(9): 119065.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119065] [PMID: 34090960]
[55]
Bankir M, Abayli C, Acibucu F. Importance of ELABELA in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions of the thyroid gland. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2021; 64(6): 772-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000293] [PMID: 33049129]
[56]
Artas G, Ozturk S, Kuloglu T, et al. A novel candidate molecule in pathological grading of gliomas: elabela. Turk Neurosurg 2018; 28(6): 989-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.22022-17.2] [PMID: 29694663]
[57]
Ganguly D, Cai C, Sims MM, et al. APELA expression in glioma, and its association with patient survival and tumor grade. Pharmaceuticals 2019; 12(1): 45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph12010045] [PMID: 30917521]
[58]
Acik DY, Bankir M, Baylan FA, Aygun B. Can ELABELA be a novel target in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia? BMC Cancer 2019; 19(1): 1086.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6325-6] [PMID: 31718601]
[59]
Ho L, Tan SYX, Wee S, et al. ELABELA is an endogenous growth factor that sustains hesc self-renewal via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17(4): 435-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.010] [PMID: 26387754]
[60]
McBride A, Houtmann S, Wilde L, et al. The role of inhibition of apoptosis in acute leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome. Front Oncol 2019; 9: 192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00192] [PMID: 30972300]
[61]
Yi Y, Tsai S-H, Cheng J-C, et al. APELA promotes tumour growth and cell migration in ovarian cancer in a p53-dependent manner. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 147(3): 663-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.10.016] [PMID: 29079036]
[62]
Li M, Gou H, Tripathi BK, et al. An apela RNA-containing negative feedback loop regulates p53-mediated apoptosis in embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16(6): 669-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2015.04.002] [PMID: 25936916]
[63]
Artas G, Kuloglu T, Dagli AF, et al. A promising biomarker to distinguish benign and malignant renal tumors: ELABELA. Niger J Clin Pract 2019; 22(3): 386-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/NJCP.NJCP_105_18] [PMID: 30837428]
[64]
Chen H, Wang L, Wang W, et al. ELABELA and an ELABELA fragment protect against AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28(9): 2694-707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016111210] [PMID: 28583915]
[65]
Lan HY. Diverse roles of TGF-β/Smads in renal fibrosis and inflammation. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7(7): 1056-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.7.1056] [PMID: 21927575]
[66]
Campbell WG Jr, Gahnem F, Catanzaro DF, et al. Plasma and renal prorenin/renin, renin mRNA, and blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Hypertension 1996; 27(5): 1121-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.27.5.1121] [PMID: 8621206]
[67]
Pavlov TS, Levchenko V, Ilatovskaya DV, Moreno C, Staruschenko A. Renal sodium transport in renin-deficient Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17(3): 147032031665385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470320316653858] [PMID: 27443990]
[68]
Foussal C, Lairez O, Calise D, et al. Activation of catalase by apelin prevents oxidative stress-linked cardiac hypertrophy. FEBS Lett 2010; 584(11): 2363-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.025] [PMID: 20398658]
[69]
Lu X, Liu S, Luan R, et al. Serum elabela and apelin levels during different stages of chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2020; 42(1): 667-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2020.1792926] [PMID: 32713238]
[70]
Pauli A, Norris ML, Valen E, et al. Toddler: An embryonic signal that promotes cell movement via apelin receptors. Science 2014; 343: 1248636.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1248636]
[71]
Wang Z, Yu D, Wang M, et al. Elabela-apelin receptor signaling pathway is functional in mammalian systems. Sci Rep 2015; 5(1): 8170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep08170] [PMID: 25639753]
[72]
Deng C, Chen H, Yang N, Feng Y, Hsueh AJW. Apela regulates fluid homeostasis by binding to the APJ receptor to activate Gi signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290(30): 18261-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.648238] [PMID: 25995451]
[73]
Coquerel D, Chagnon F, Sainsily X, et al. ELABELA improves cardio-renal outcome in fatal experimental septic shock. Crit Care Med 2017; 45(11): e1139-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002639] [PMID: 28777197]
[74]
Schreiber CA, Holditch SJ, Generous A, Ikeda Y. Sustained ELABELA gene therapy in high-salt diet-induced hypertensive rats. Curr Gene Ther 2017; 16(5): 349-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566523217666161121111906] [PMID: 27903222]
[75]
Santoso P, Maejima Y, Kumamoto K, Takenoshita S, Shimomura K. Central action of ELABELA reduces food intake and activates arginine vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Neuroreport 2015; 26(14): 820-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000431] [PMID: 26237243]
[76]
Wang J, Duan J, Huang S, Hu D, Chen H, Mu F. Elabela-APLNR inhibits cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through AMPK/SIRT3/PGC-1α and Akt/Nrf2 pathways. Res Square 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-76159/v1]
[77]
Nasyrova RF, Ivashchenko DV, Ivanov MV, Neznanov NG. Role of nitric oxide and related molecules in schizophrenia pathogenesis: biochemical, genetic and clinical aspects. Front Physiol 2015; 6: 139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00139] [PMID: 26029110]
[78]
Catak Z, Kaya H, Kocdemir E, et al. Interaction of apelin, elabela and nitric oxide in schizophrenia patients. J Med Biochem 2020; 39(2): 184-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2019-0029] [PMID: 33033451]
[79]
Eser Karlidag G, Arslan Solmaz O. Are adropin, apelin, elabela, asprosin and betatrophin biomarkers for chronic hepatitis and staging of fibrosis? Biotech Histochem 2020; 95(2): 152-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2020.1714732] [PMID: 32011178]
[80]
Kaplan M. Elabela as a novel marker; well-correlated with wifi amputation risk score in patients with lower extremity arterial disease. Anatol J Cardiol 2020; 25: 330-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2020.17329] [PMID: 33960308]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy