Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-5501
ISSN (Online): 2211-551X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Opinion Article

Role of Functional Food Additives in Regulating the Immune Response to COVID-19

Author(s): Ravindra Verma* and Meenakshi Pal Bagel

Volume 11, Issue 3, 2022

Published on: 13 October, 2022

Page: [230 - 239] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/2211550111666220613143422

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Food additives act as preventive measures and promote a healthy immune response against pathogenic diseases. There are several functional food additives with antiviral potential that are part of our daily food supplements, which can be exploited to improve the immunity of the human being during the pandemic of COVID-19.

Scope and Approach: For this study, an extensive database search using the scientific databases and Google Scholar, as well as commercial search engines, such as Google and Google Patent, was conducted to explore commercial and patentable applications.

Key Finding: Food additives, such as Phyllanthus emblica, Long pepper, Cinnamon, Turmeric, Cardamom, Ginger, Garlic, Holy Basil, and Liquorice, are used in traditional cultures as preventive treatments. The phytocompounds extracted from these food additives are immune modulators against various pathogenic inflammations. Enhancing the immune response and boosting health are the benefits of these food additives.

Conclusion: The research literature and reputable sources online confirm that functional food additives in a regular diet may help cure COVID-19 disease. It is necessary to conduct scientific research to determine the effectiveness of food additives.

Future Direction: The majority of diseases are caused by metabolic disorders. It is clear that diet plays a major role in controlling the inflammation associated with diseases and metabolic disorders. There is still a lack of phytochemical screening of compounds in food additives and their interaction with metabolism. This effort will help the science community to think outside of the box of medicine.

Keywords: Covid-19, Functional Food Additives, Immune Response, SARS-CoV-2

« Previous
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Vandebroek I, Pieroni A, Stepp JR, et al. Reshaping the future of ethnobiology research after the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Plants 2020; 6(7): 723-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-0691-6] [PMID: 32572213]
[2]
Johnson TS, Narayana DA. Role of spices in offering natural immunity to fight various diseases. Journal 2021; 13(2): 600-13.
[3]
Sonnenberg GF, Hepworth MR. Functional interactions between innate lymphoid cells and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19(10): 599-613.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0194-8] [PMID: 31350531]
[4]
Han B, Hoang BX. Opinions on the current pandemic of COVID-19: Use functional food to boost our immune functions. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13(12): 1811-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.08.014] [PMID: 32948484]
[5]
Flerlage T, Boyd DF, Meliopoulos V, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis and host responses in the respiratory tract. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19(7): 425-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00542-7] [PMID: 33824495]
[6]
Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, et al. Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: A twocentre descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(10): 1135-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30434-5] [PMID: 32526193]
[7]
Thimmulappa RK, Mudnakudu-Nagaraju KK, Shivamallu C, et al. Antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of curcumin: A case for prophylactic therapy for COVID-19. Heliyon 2021; 7(2): e06350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06350] [PMID: 33655086]
[8]
Chen J, Gao K, Wang R, Wei GW. Prediction and mitigation of mutation threats to COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies. Chem Sci (Camb) 2021; 12(20): 6929-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1SC01203G] [PMID: 34123321]
[9]
Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, et al. Food as medicine: A possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Phytother Res 2020; 34(12): 3124-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6770] [PMID: 32468635]
[10]
Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: An ancient medicine & modern functional food. J Food Sci Technol 2014; 51(9): 1633-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1247-9] [PMID: 25190822]
[11]
Singh P, Tripathi MK, Yasir M, Khare R, Tripathi MK, Shrivastava R. Potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 and functional food components as nutritional supplement for COVID-19: A review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2020; 75(4): 458-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00861-9] [PMID: 33037564]
[12]
Mu C, Sheng Y, Wang Q, Amin A, Li X, Xie Y. Potential compound from herbal food of Rhizoma Polygonati for treatment of COVID-19 analyzed by network pharmacology: Viral and cancer signaling mechanisms. J Funct Foods 2021; 77: 104149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104149] [PMID: 32837538]
[13]
Noor H, Ikram A, Rathinavel T, Kumarasamy S, Nasir Iqbal M, Bashir Z. Immunomodulatory and anti-cytokine therapeutic potential of curcumin and its derivatives for treating COVID-19 - a computational modeling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2021.1873190] [PMID: 33491580]
[14]
Alam S, Bhuiyan FR, Emon TH, Hasan M. Prospects of nutritional interventions in the care of COVID-19 patients. Heliyon 2021; 7(2): e06285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06285] [PMID: 33615017]
[15]
Khabour OF, Hassanein SFM. Use of vitamin/zinc supplements, medicinal plants, and immune boosting drinks during COVID-19 pandemic: A pilot study from Benha city, Egypt. Heliyon 2021; 7(3): e06538.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06538] [PMID: 33748511]
[16]
Hoyles L, Vulevic J. Chapter- 7 Diet, Immunity and Functional Foods In: Huffnagle GB, Noverr MC, Eds. GI Microbiota and regulation of the immune system advances in experimental medicine and biology. New York, NY: Springer 2008; 635: p. 80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09550-9_7]
[17]
Patel B, Sharma S, Nair N, Majeed J, Goyal RK, Dhobi M. Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID-19. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476(6): 2345-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-021-04084-7] [PMID: 33587232]
[18]
Choudhary J, Dheeman S, Sharma V, et al. Insights of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: A current review. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23(1): 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12575-020-00141-5] [PMID: 33526007]
[19]
Arshad MS, Khan U, Sadiq A, et al. Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and immunity booster green foods: A mini review. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8(8): 3971-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1719] [PMID: 32837716]
[20]
Kamarli Altun H, Karacil Ermumcu MS, Seremet Kurklu N. Evaluation of dietary supplement, functional food and herbal medicine use by dietitians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24(5): 861-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020005297] [PMID: 33357253]
[21]
Kawana A. SARS, MERS and coronavirus infections. Jpn J Clin Med 2016; 74(12): 1967-72.
[PMID: 30550651]
[22]
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 265-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3] [PMID: 32015508]
[23]
Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis GV, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 2004; 203(2): 631-7.
[24]
Ochs M, Nyengaard JR, Jung A, et al. The number of alveoli in the human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169(1): 120-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200308-1107OC] [PMID: 14512270]
[25]
Esmaeilzadeh A, Elahi R. Immunobiology and immunotherapy of COVID-19: A clinically updated overview. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236(4): 2519-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30076] [PMID: 33022076]
[26]
Sette A, Crotty S. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Cell 2021; 184(4): 861-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007] [PMID: 33497610]
[27]
Kasuga Y, Zhu B, Jang KJ, Yoo JS. Innate immune sensing of coronavirus and viral evasion strategies. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53(5): 723-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00602-1] [PMID: 33953325]
[28]
Gautam S, Gautam A, Chhetri S, Bhattarai U. Immunity against COVID-19: Potential role of Ayush Kwath. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.08.003] [PMID: 32837101]
[29]
Han Y, Duan X, Yang L, et al. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using lung and colonic organoids. Nature 2021; 589(7841): 270-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2901-9] [PMID: 33116299]
[30]
Chen L, Hu C, Hood M, et al. A novel combination of vitamin C, curcumin and glycyrrhizic acid potentially regulates immune and inflammatory response associated with coronavirus infections: A perspective from system biology analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12(4): 1193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041193] [PMID: 32344708]
[31]
Linares-Fernández S, Lacroix C, Exposito JY, Verrier B. Tailoring mRNA vaccine to balance innate/adaptive immune response. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26(3): 311-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2019.10.002] [PMID: 31699497]
[32]
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C. Immune response in COVID-19: Addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5(1): 84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1] [PMID: 32467561]
[33]
Bartsch YC, Fischinger S, Siddiqui SM, et al. Discrete SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers track with functional humoral stability. Nat Commun 2021; 12(1): 1018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21336-8] [PMID: 33589636]
[34]
Krammer F. Correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet 2021; 397(10283): 1421-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00782-0] [PMID: 33844964]
[35]
Harvey RA, Rassen JA, Kabelac CA, et al. Association of SARSCoV-2 seropositive antibody test with risk of future infection. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181(5): 672-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0366] [PMID: 33625463]
[36]
Lumley SF, O’Donnell D, Stoesser NE, et al. Antibody status and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers. N Engl J Med 2021; 384(6): 533-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034545] [PMID: 33369366]
[37]
Hansen CH, Michlmayr D, Gubbels SM, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S. Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: A population-level observational study Lancet 2021; 397(10280): 1204-.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00575-4] [PMID: 33743221]
[38]
Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Charlett A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: A large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN). Lancet 2021; 397(10283): 1459-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00675-9] [PMID: 33844963]
[39]
Rahman MM, Mosaddik A, Alam AK. Traditional foods with their constituent’s antiviral and immune system modulating properties. Heliyon 2021; 7(1): e05957.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05957] [PMID: 33462562]
[40]
Alkhatib A. Antiviral functional foods and exercise lifestyle prevention of coronavirus. Nutrients 2020; 12(9): 2633.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092633] [PMID: 32872374]
[41]
Naik SR, Thakare VN, Joshi FP. Functional foods and herbs as potential immunoadjuvants and medicines in maintaining healthy immune system: A commentary. J Complement Integr Med 2010; 7(1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1441]
[42]
Yang Y. Use of herbal drugs to treat COVID-19 should be with caution. Lancet 2020; 395(10238): 1689-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31143-0] [PMID: 32422123]
[43]
Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, et al. COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27(5): 1451-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3] [PMID: 32205856]
[44]
Khubber S, Hashemifesharaki R, Mohammadi M, Gharibzahedi SMT. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A potential unique therapeutic food rich in organosulfur and flavonoid compounds to fight with COVID-19. Nutr J 2020; 19(1): 124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00643-8] [PMID: 33208167]
[45]
Arreola R, Quintero-Fabián S, López-Roa RI, et al. Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015: 401630.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/401630] [PMID: 25961060]
[46]
Feng Y, Zhu X, Wang Q, et al. Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection. Malar J 2012; 11(1): 268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-268] [PMID: 22873687]
[47]
Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: Role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. J Nutr 2001; 131(3s): 1067S-70S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.1067S] [PMID: 11238818]
[48]
Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Balasubramanian N, Quinn MT. Neutrophil immunomodulatory activity of natural organosulfur compounds. Molecules 2019; 24(9): 1809.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091809] [PMID: 31083328]
[49]
Bisen SP, Emerald M. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of garlic and onion (Allium sp.). Curr Nutr Food Sci 2016; 12(3): 190-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401312666160608121954]
[50]
Bhandari R, Khanna G, Kuhad A. Pharmacological insight into potential therapeutic agents for the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890: 173643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173643] [PMID: 33065092]
[51]
Lv JJ, Wang YF, Zhang JM, et al. Anti-hepatitis B virus activities and absolute configurations of sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12(43): 8764-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4OB01196A] [PMID: 25268491]
[52]
Xiang Y, Pei Y, Qu C, et al. In vitro anti-herpes simplex virus activity of 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose from Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae). Phytother Res 2011; 25(7): 975-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3368] [PMID: 21213355]
[53]
Murugesan S, Kottekad S, Crasta I, et al. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytocompounds of ayurvedic medicinal plants - Emblica officinalis (Amla), Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Bhumi Amla) and Tinospora cordifolia Giloy) - A molecular docking and simulation study. Comput Biol Med 2021; 136: 104683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104683] [PMID: 34329860]
[54]
Chatterjee A, Chattopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK. Biphasic effect of Phyllanthus emblica L. extract on NSAID-induced ulcer: An antioxidative trail weaved with immunomodulatory effect. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011: 146808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/146808] [PMID: 21076542]
[55]
Gaire BP, Subedi L. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-014-1984-2] [PMID: 25491539]
[56]
Kunnumakkara AB, Rana V, Parama D, et al. COVID-19, cytokines, inflammation, and spices: How are they related? Life Sci 2021; 284: 119201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119201] [PMID: 33607159]
[57]
Avasarala S, Zhang F, Liu G, Wang R, London SD, London L. Curcumin modulates the inflammatory response and inhibits subsequent fibrosis in a mouse model of viral-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8(2): e57285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057285] [PMID: 23437361]
[58]
Avasarala S, Zhang F, Liu G, Wang R, London SD, London L. Correction: Curcumin modulates the inflammatory response and inhibits subsequent fibrosis in a mouse model of viral-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10(8): e0134982.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134982] [PMID: 26241041]
[59]
Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet 2003; 361(9374): 2045-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13615-X] [PMID: 12814717]
[60]
Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Cinnamaldehyde-a potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine 2007; 14(1): 15-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.11.005] [PMID: 17140783]
[61]
Lucas K, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Oppitz N, Ackermann M. Cinnamon and hop extracts as potential immunomodulators for severe COVID-19 cases. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12: 589783.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.589783] [PMID: 33719281]
[62]
Kumar Verma A, Kumar V, Singh S, et al. Repurposing potential of Ayurvedic medicinal plants derived active principles against SARS-CoV-2 associated target proteins revealed by molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137: 111356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111356] [PMID: 33561649]
[63]
Wen CC, Kuo YH, Jan JT, et al. Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Med Chem 2007; 50(17): 4087-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s] [PMID: 17663539]
[64]
Obata K, Kojima T, Masaki T, et al. Curcumin prevents replication of respiratory syncytial virus and the epithelial responses to it in human nasal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8(9): e70225.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070225] [PMID: 24058438]
[65]
Mathew D, Hsu WL. Antiviral potential of curcumin. J Funct Foods 2018; 40: 692-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.017]
[66]
Law S, Lo C, Han J, Leung AW, Xu C. Photodynamic therapy with curcumin for combating SARS-CoV-2. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2021; 34: 102284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102284] [PMID: 33836277]
[67]
Wu J. Tackle the free radicals damage in COVID-19. Nitric Oxide 2020; 102: 39-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2020.06.002] [PMID: 32562746]
[68]
Majdalawieh AF, Carr RI. In vitro investigation of the potential immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). J Med Food 2010; 13(2): 371-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2009.1131] [PMID: 20210607]
[69]
Das I, Acharya A, Berry DL, et al. Antioxidative effects of the spice cardamom against non-melanoma skin cancer by modulating nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and NF-κB signalling pathways. Br J Nutr 2012; 108(6): 984-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511006283] [PMID: 22182368]
[70]
Acharya A, Das I, Singh S, Saha T. Chemopreventive properties of indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane and other constituents of cardamom against carcinogenesis. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2010; 2(2): 166-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876142911002020166] [PMID: 20653562]
[71]
Malmgaard L. Induction and regulation of IFNs during viral infections. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 24(8): 439-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/1079990041689665] [PMID: 15320958]
[72]
de Paulo Rodrigues FA, da Conceição Santos AD, de Medeiros PH, et al. Gingerol suppresses sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by modulating methylsulfonylmethane and dimethylamine production. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 1-0.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30522-6] [PMID: 29311619]
[73]
Chang JS, Wang KC, Yeh CF, Shieh DE, Chiang LC. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 145(1): 146-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043] [PMID: 23123794]
[74]
Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Pannecouque C, et al. Plant lectins are potent inhibitors of coronaviruses by interfering with two targets in the viral replication cycle. Antiviral Res 2007; 75(3): 179-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.03.003] [PMID: 17428553]
[75]
Ahkam AH, Hermanto FE, Alamsyah A, Aliyyah IH, Fatchiyah F. Virtual prediction of antiviral potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) bioactive compounds against spike and MPro of SARS-CoV2 protein. Berkala Penelitian Hayati 2020; 25(2): 52-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.25.2.20207]
[76]
Youn HS, Lim HJ, Lee HJ, et al. Garlic (Allium sativum) extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced Toll-like receptor 4 dimerization. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72(2): 368-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70434] [PMID: 18256479]
[77]
Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, et al. Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods 2019; 8(7): 246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8070246] [PMID: 31284512]
[78]
Hodge G, Hodge S, Han P. Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: Potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytometry 2002; 48(4): 209-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.10133] [PMID: 12210145]
[79]
Mondal S, Varma S, Bamola VD, et al. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial for immunomodulatory effects of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract on healthy volunteers. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 136(3): 452-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.012] [PMID: 21619917]
[80]
Rege A, Chowdhary AS. Evaluation of Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora cordifolia as probable HIV protease inhibitors. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2014; 25(1): 315-8.
[81]
Mediratta PK, Sharma KK, Singh S. Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential of Ocimum sanctum seed oil and its possible mechanism of action. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 80(1): 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00373-7] [PMID: 11891082]
[82]
Shree P, Mishra P, Selvaraj C, et al. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants–Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)–a molecular docking study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 1-14.
[PMID: 32851919]
[83]
Hoever G, Baltina L, Michaelis M, et al. Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid derivatives against SARS-coronavirus. J Med Chem 2005; 48(4): 1256-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm0493008] [PMID: 15715493]
[84]
Lin JC. Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizic acid in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 2003; 59(1): 41-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(03)00030-5] [PMID: 12834859]
[85]
Lin JC, Cherng JM, Hung MS, Baltina LA, Baltina L, Kondratenko R. Inhibitory effects of some derivatives of glycyrrhizic acid against Epstein-Barr virus infection: Structure-activity relationships. Antiviral Res 2008; 79(1): 6-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.160] [PMID: 18423902]
[86]
Utsunomiya T, Kobayashi M, Pollard RB, Suzuki F. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, reduces morbidity and mortality of mice infected with lethal doses of influenza virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41(3): 551-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.41.3.551] [PMID: 9055991]
[87]
Mohammed E, Kamel M, El Iraqi K, Tawfik AM, Khattab MS, Elsabagh M. Zingiber officinale and Glycyrrhiza glabra, individually or in combination, reduce heavy metal accumulation and improve growth performance and immune status in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquacult Res 2020; 51(5): 1933-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.14544]
[88]
Ng SL, Khaw KY, Ong YS, et al. Licorice: A potential herb in overcoming SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 26: 2515690X21996662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515690X21996662]
[89]
Gowda P, Patrick S, Joshi SD, Kumawat RK, Sen E. Glycyrrhizin prevents SARS-CoV-2 S1 and Orf3a induced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release and inhibits viral replication. Cytokine 2021; 142: 155496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155496] [PMID: 33773396]
[90]
South EH, Exon JH, Hendrix K. Dietary curcumin enhances antibody response in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1997; 19(1): 105-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923979709038536] [PMID: 9049662]
[91]
Yadav VS, Mishra KP, Singh DP, Mehrotra S, Singh VK. Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2005; 27(3): 485-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923970500242244] [PMID: 16237958]
[92]
Zahedipour F, Hosseini SA, Sathyapalan T, et al. Potential effects of curcumin in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Phytother Res 2020; 34(11): 2911-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6738] [PMID: 32430996]
[93]
Brendler T, Al‐Harrasi A, Bauer R, et al. Botanical drugs and supplements affecting the immune response in the time of COVID‐19: Implications for research and clinical practice. Phytother Res 2020.
[PMID: 33373071]
[94]
Kumar M, Sodhi KK, Singh DK. Addressing the potential role of curcumin in the prevention of COVID-19 by targeting the Nsp9 replicase protein through molecular docking. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203(4): 1691-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-02163-9] [PMID: 33459817]
[95]
Boozari M, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Impact of curcumin on toll-like receptors. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234(8): 12471-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28103] [PMID: 30623441]
[96]
Dhar S, Bhattacharjee P. Promising role of curcumin against viral diseases emphasizing COVID-19 management: A review on the mechanistic insights with reference to host-pathogen interaction and immunomodulation. J Funct Foods 2021; 82: 104503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104503] [PMID: 33897833]
[97]
Fazal Y, Fatima SN, Shahid SM, Mahboob T. Effects of curcumin on angiotensin-converting enzyme gene expression, oxidative stress and anti-oxidant status in thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2015; 16(4): 1046-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470320314545777] [PMID: 25143335]
[98]
Elengoe A. Indian spices boost the immune system against COVID-19. An Univ Dunarea de Jos Galati Fasc VI Food Technol 2020; 44(2): 189-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/foodtechnology.2020.2.12]
[99]
Sai Ram M, Neetu D, Yogesh B, et al. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: An in-vitro study. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81(1): 5-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00421-4] [PMID: 12020921]
[100]
Kumaran A, Karunakaran RJ. Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2006; 61(1): 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-006-0001-0] [PMID: 16688481]
[101]
Pandey K, Lokhande KB. In silico exploration of phytoconstituents from Phyllanthus emblica and Aegle marmelos as potential therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15: 11779322211027403.
[102]
Estari M, Venkanna L, Sripriya D, Lalitha R. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity of Phyllanthus emblica plant extract. Biol Med (Aligarh) 2012; 4(4): 178.
[103]
Yadav SS, Singh MK, Singh PK, Kumar V. Traditional knowledge to clinical trials: A review on therapeutic actions of Emblica officinalis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93: 1292-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.065] [PMID: 28747010]
[104]
Souissi M, Azelmat J, Chaieb K, Grenier D. Antibacterial and antiinflammatory activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts: Potential therapeutic benefits for periodontal infections. Anaerobe 2020; 61: 102089.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102089] [PMID: 31430531]
[105]
Li Y, Lai Y, Wang Y, Liu N, Zhang F, Xu P. 1, 8-Cineol protect against influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice. Inflammation 2016; 39(4): 1582-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-016-0394-3] [PMID: 27351430]
[106]
Müller J, Greiner JF, Zeuner M, et al. 1,8-Cineole potentiates IRF3-mediated antiviral response in human stem cells and in an ex vivo model of rhinosinusitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130(15): 1339-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20160218] [PMID: 27129189]
[107]
Brown SK, Garver WS, Orlando RA. 1, 8-cineole: An underappreciated anti-inflammatory therapeutic. J Biomol Res Ther 2017; 6(1): 154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-7956.1000154]
[108]
Cheel J, Van Antwerpen P, Tůmová L, et al. Free radical-scavenging, antioxidant and immunostimulating effects of a licorice infusion (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Food Chem 2010; 122(3): 508-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.060]
[109]
Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Ragazzi E, Zanchin G, Armanini D. A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 99(3): 317-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.015] [PMID: 15978760]
[110]
Pompei R, Flore O, Marccialis MA, Pani A, Loddo B. Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits virus growth and inactivates virus particles. Nature 1979; 281(5733): 689-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/281689a0] [PMID: 233133]
[111]
van de Sand L, Bormann M, Alt M, et al. Glycyrrhizin effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibiting the viral main protease. Viruses 2021; 13(4): 609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040609] [PMID: 33918301]
[112]
Wang L, Yang R, Yuan B, Liu Y, Liu C. The antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice, a widely-used Chinese herb. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5(4): 310-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.005] [PMID: 26579460]
[113]
Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J Med Virol 2020; 92(5): 479-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25707] [PMID: 32052466]
[114]
Luo P, Liu D, Li J. Pharmacological perspective: Glycyrrhizin may be an efficacious therapeutic agent for COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55(6): 105995.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105995] [PMID: 32335281]
[115]
Gomaa AA, Abdel-Wadood YA. The potential of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract in combating COVID-19 and associated conditions. Phytomed Plus 2021; 1(3): 100043.
[116]
Safa O, Hassaniazad M, Farashahinejad M, et al. Effects of ginger on clinical manifestations and paraclinical features of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21(1): 841.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04765-6] [PMID: 33036662]
[117]
Singh NA, Kumar P. Jyoti, Kumar N. Spices and herbs: Potential antiviral preventives and immunity boosters during COVID-19. Phytother Res 2021; 35(5): 2745-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7019] [PMID: 33511704]
[118]
Abd El-Wahab A, El-Adawi H, El-Demellawy M. In vitro study of the antiviral activity of Zingiber officinale. Planta Med 2009; 75(09): PF7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1234649]
[119]
Bhattacharya R, Dev K, Sourirajan A. Antiviral activity of bioactive phytocompounds against coronavirus: An update. J Virol Methods 2021; 290: 114070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114070] [PMID: 33497729]
[120]
Brewer MS. Natural antioxidants: Sources, compounds, mechanisms of action, and potential applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011; 10(4): 221-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00156.x]
[121]
Srinivasan K. Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: A review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47(8): 735-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390601062054] [PMID: 17987447]
[122]
Ghoke SS, Sood R, Kumar N, et al. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Ocimum sanctum and Acacia arabica leaves extracts against H9N2 virus using embryonated chicken egg model. BMC Complement Altern Med 2018; 18(1): 174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2238-1] [PMID: 29866088]
[123]
Sharma UK, Sharma AK, Pandey AK. Medicinal attributes of major phenylpropanoids present in cinnamon. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16(1): 156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1147-4] [PMID: 27245453]
[124]
Preuss HG, Echard B, Polansky MM, Anderson R. Whole cinnamon and aqueous extracts ameliorate sucrose-induced blood pressure elevations in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Am Coll Nutr 2006; 25(2): 144-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719525] [PMID: 16582031]
[125]
Cao H, Urban JF Jr, Anderson RA. Cinnamon polyphenol extract affects immune responses by regulating anti- and proinflammatory and glucose transporter gene expression in mouse macrophages. J Nutr 2008; 138(5): 833-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.5.833] [PMID: 18424588]
[126]
Ranasinghe P, Pigera S, Premakumara GA, Galappaththy P, Constantine GR, Katulanda P. Medicinal properties of ‘true’ cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13(1): 275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-275] [PMID: 24148965]
[127]
Wondrak GT, Villeneuve NF, Lamore SD, Bause AS, Jiang T, Zhang DD. The cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamic aldehyde activates the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response in human epithelial colon cells. Molecules 2010; 15(5): 3338-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053338] [PMID: 20657484]
[128]
Long M, Tao S, Rojo de la Vega M, et al. Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8(5): 444-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0359] [PMID: 25712056]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy