Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2772-4328
ISSN (Online): 2772-4336

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations

Author(s): Nasr Alrabadi*, Shouq Bany-Melhem, Karem H. Alzoubi, Osama O. Alzoubi, Majd Masadeh, Sawsan Abuhammad and Sabariah N. Harun

Volume 19, Issue 1, 2024

Published on: 22 August, 2022

Page: [26 - 41] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/2772432817666220512112913

Price: $65

Abstract

Vaccines are important to improve immunity against pathogens and diseases. The current COVID-19 disease is rapidly evolving and spreading among people; therefore, it is important to utilize a proper vaccination strategy against it. Currently, many approved vaccines are available and accessible; however, there is a reported hesitancy against taking them among the public and even the health care workers. Mainly, this is attributed to the fear of the possible side effects and complications. Moreover, inaccurate knowledge disseminated through the media/social media especially by those who lack the proper expertise, adds confusion and more fear that affects the vaccination decision. For such reasons, it is essential to find strategies to increase the acceptability of vaccines and enhance confidence in the vaccination process. This should be accompanied by sufficient efforts and proper clinical studies to confirm the value and the safety of the vaccines. Those strategies are important to avoid the further spread of the COVID-19 disease and abort the pandemic worldwide, especially when considering the likely approach towards a COVID-19 booster vaccination program, in which booster vaccines are re-taken along intervals to adequately contain the rapidly evolving nature of the virus. This review article highlights the factors influencing the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccination and enrollment in clinical trials among the public and some specific populations. Furthermore, it summarizes the suggested strategies and recommendations to improve attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination programs.

Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccination, Hesitancy, acceptability, booster dose, populations., disease

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Shukla VV, Shah RC. Vaccinations in primary care. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85(12): 1118-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2555-2] [PMID: 29306993]
[2]
Donnelly RF. Vaccine delivery systems. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13(1): 17-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1259043] [PMID: 28125375]
[3]
Vetter V, Denizer G, Friedland LR, Krishnan J, Shapiro M. Understanding modern-day vaccines: What you need to know. Ann Med 2018; 50(2): 110-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035] [PMID: 29172780]
[4]
Crowcroft NS, Klein NP. A framework for research on vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine 2018; 36(48): 7286-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.016] [PMID: 30431002]
[5]
Doherty M, Buchy P, Standaert B, Giaquinto C, Prado-Cohrs D. Vaccine impact: Benefits for human health. Vaccine 2016; 34(52): 6707-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.025] [PMID: 27773475]
[6]
Tregoning JS, Brown ES, Cheeseman HM, et al. Vaccines for COVID-19. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202(2): 162-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cei.13517] [PMID: 32935331]
[7]
Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2020; 38(1): 1-9.
[PMID: 32105090]
[8]
Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res 2020; 288: 198114-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114] [PMID: 32800805]
[9]
Calina D, Docea AO, Petrakis D, et al. Towards effective COVID 19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46(1): 3-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4596] [PMID: 32377694]
[10]
Al-Kassmy J, Pedersen J, Kobinger G. Vaccine candidates against coronavirus infections. Where does COVID-19 stand? Viruses 2020; 12(8): 861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080861] [PMID: 32784685]
[11]
Mukherjee R. Global efforts on vaccines for COVID-19: Since, sooner or later, we all will catch the coronavirus. J Biosci 2020; 45(1): 68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12038-020-00040-7] [PMID: 32385219]
[12]
Agrawal A, Kolhapure S, Di Pasquale A, Rai J, Mathur A. Vaccine hesitancy as a challenge or vaccine confidence as an opportunity for childhood immunisation in India. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9(3): 421-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40121-020-00302-9] [PMID: 32447713]
[13]
Paterson P, Meurice F, Stanberry LR, Glismann S, Rosenthal SL, Larson HJ. Vaccine hesitancy and healthcare providers. Vaccine 2016; 34(52): 6700-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.042] [PMID: 27810314]
[14]
Salmon DA, Dudley MZ, Glanz JM, Omer SB. Vaccine hesitancy: Causes, consequences, and a call to action. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49(6): S391-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.009] [PMID: 26337116]
[15]
Verger P, Scronias D, Dauby N, et al. Attitudes of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: A survey in France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada, 2020. Euro Surveill 2021; 26(3): 2002047.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.3.2002047] [PMID: 33478623]
[16]
Callender D. Vaccine hesitancy: More than a movement. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12(9): 2464-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1178434] [PMID: 27159558]
[17]
Moore R, Willis DE, Shah SK, Purvis RS, Shields X, McElfish PA. “The risk seems too high”: Thoughts and feelings about COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(16): 8690.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168690] [PMID: 34444438]
[18]
Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 35(8): 775-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y] [PMID: 32785815]
[19]
García LY, Cerda AA. Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine: A multifactorial consideration. Vaccine 2020; 38(48): 7587-.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.026] [PMID: 33121656]
[20]
Khubchandani J, Sharma S, Price JH, Wiblishauser MJ, Webb FJ. COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in social networks: Does it influence vaccine hesitancy? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(18): 9448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189448] [PMID: 34574373]
[21]
Abu Farha RK, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Alfaqih MA. Exploring perception and hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccine: A study from Jordan. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17(8): 2415-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1888633] [PMID: 34014128]
[22]
Nzaji MK, Ngombe LK, Mwamba GN, et al. Acceptability of vaccination against COVID-19 among healthcare workers in the democratic republic of the Congo. Pragmat Obs Res 2020; 11: 103-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/POR.S271096] [PMID: 33154695]
[23]
Gagneux-Brunon A, Detoc M, Bruel S, et al. Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: A cross-sectional survey. J Hosp Infect 2021; 108: 168-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.020] [PMID: 33259883]
[24]
Freeman D, Loe BS, Chadwick A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: The Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II. Psychol Med 2020; 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005188] [PMID: 33305716]
[25]
Rhodes A, Hoq M, Measey MA, Danchin M. Intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(5): e110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30724-6] [PMID: 32941786]
[26]
Kwok KO, Li K-K, Wei WI, Tang A, Wong SYS, Lee SS. Editor’s choice: Influenza vaccine uptake, COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine hesitancy among nurses: A survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 114: 103854-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103854] [PMID: 33326864]
[27]
Sherman SM, Smith LE, Sim J, et al. COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: Results from the COVID-19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17(6): 1612-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1846397] [PMID: 33242386]
[28]
Detoc M, Bruel S, Frappe P, Tardy B, Botelho-Nevers E, Gagneux-Brunon A. Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic. Vaccine 2020; 38(45): 7002-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.041] [PMID: 32988688]
[29]
Dubé E, Gagnon D, MacDonald NE. SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Strategies intended to address vaccine hesitancy: Review of published reviews. Vaccine 2015; 33(34): 4191-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.041] [PMID: 25896385]
[30]
Puri N, Coomes EA, Haghbayan H, Gunaratne K. Social media and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16(11): 2586-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846] [PMID: 32693678]
[31]
Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, et al. High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in Jordan and Kuwait among other arab countries. Vaccines 2021; 9(1): 42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010042] [PMID: 33445581]
[32]
Park S, Massey PM, Stimpson JP. Primary source of information about COVID-19 as a determinant of perception of COVID-19 severity and vaccine uptake: Source of information and COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med 2021; 36(10): 3088-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07080-1] [PMID: 34378115]
[33]
Ruiz JB, Bell RA. Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine 2021; 39(7): 1080-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010] [PMID: 33461833]
[34]
Carson SL, Casillas A, Castellon-Lopez Y, et al. COVID-19 vaccine decision-making factors in racial and ethnic minority communities in Los Angeles, California. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(9): e2127582.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27582] [PMID: 34591103]
[35]
Okoro O, Kennedy J, Simmons G Jr, et al. Exploring the scope and dimensions of vaccine hesitancy and resistance to enhance COVID-19 vaccination in black communities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01150-0] [PMID: 34553340]
[36]
Zürcher K, Mugglin C, Egger M, et al. Vaccination willingness for COVID-19 among health care workers in Switzerland. medRxiv 2021; 2021.07.04.21255203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.04.21255203]
[37]
Tran VD, Pak TV, Gribkova EI, et al. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in a high infection-rate country: A cross-sectional study in Russia. Pharm Pract 2021; 19(1): 2276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2021.1.2276] [PMID: 33828622]
[38]
Urrunaga-Pastor D, Bendezu-Quispe G, Herrera-Añazco P, et al. Cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19 vaccine intention, perceptions and hesitancy across Latin America and the Caribbean. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 41: 102059.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102059] [PMID: 33848692]
[39]
Al-Mansour K, Alyahya S, AbuGazalah F, Alabdulkareem K. Factors affecting COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Saudi Arabia. Health Care 2021; 9(9): 1218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091218] [PMID: 34574992]
[40]
Williams L, Flowers P, McLeod J, Young D, Rollins L. Social patterning and stability of intention to accept a COVID-19 vaccine in Scotland: Will those most at risk accept a vaccine? Vaccines 2021; 9(1): 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010017] [PMID: 33406762]
[41]
Khubchandani J, Sharma S, Price JH, Wiblishauser MJ, Sharma M, Webb FJ. COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in the United States: A rapid national assessment. J Community Health 2021; 46(2): 270-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00958-x] [PMID: 33389421]
[42]
Willis DE, Andersen JA, Bryant-Moore K, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14(6): 2200-7.
[43]
Callaghan T, Moghtaderi A, Lueck JA, et al. Correlates and disparities of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Soc Sci Med 2021; 272: 113638-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113638] [PMID: 33414032]
[44]
Shen AK, Hughes Iv R, DeWald E, Rosenbaum S, Pisani A, Orenstein W. Ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines in the US: Current system challenges and opportunities. Health Aff 2021; 40(1): 62-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01554] [PMID: 33211542]
[45]
Soares P, Rocha JV, Moniz M, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines 2021; 9(3): 300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030300] [PMID: 33810131]
[46]
Pogue K, Jensen JL, Stancil CK, et al. Influences on attitudes regarding potential COVID-19 vaccination in the United States. Vaccines 2020; 8(4): E582.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040582] [PMID: 33022917]
[47]
Dubé E, Laberge C, Guay M, Bramadat P, Roy R, Bettinger J. Vaccine hesitancy: An overview. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9(8): 1763-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24657] [PMID: 23584253]
[48]
Lucia VC, Kelekar A, Afonso NM. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. J Public Health 2021; 43(3): 445-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa230] [PMID: 33367857]
[49]
Khan YH, Mallhi TH, Alotaibi NH, et al. Threat of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: The need for measures to neutralize misleading narratives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103(2): 603-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0654] [PMID: 32588810]
[50]
AlAwadhi E, Zein D, Mallallah F, Bin Haider N, Hossain A. Monitoring COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Kuwait During the pandemic: Results from a national serial study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14: 1413-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S300602] [PMID: 33854390]
[51]
Alabdulla M, Reagu SM, Al-Khal A, Elzain M, Jones RM. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and attitudes in Qatar: A national cross-sectional survey of a migrant-majority population. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15(3): 361-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12847] [PMID: 33605010]
[52]
Kadambari S, Vanderslott S. Lessons about COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among minority ethnic people in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(9): 1204-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00404-7] [PMID: 34384531]
[53]
COVID-19: Vaccine research insights. 2021.
[54]
Prickett KC, Habibi H, Carr PA. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in a cohort of diverse New Zealanders. The lancet regional health. Western Pacific 2021; 14: 100241.
[PMID: 34377999]
[55]
Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, et al. COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: A global survey of 17 countries. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10(1): 122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00900-w] [PMID: 34620243]
[56]
Perveen S, Akram M, Nasar A, Arshad-Ayaz A, Naseem A. Vaccination-hesitancy and vaccination-inequality as challenges in Pakistan’s COVID-19 response. J Community Psychol 2021; 50(2): 666-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22652] [PMID: 34217150]
[57]
Cordina M, Lauri MA, Lauri J. Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine hesitancy and intention to take the vaccine. Pharm Pract 2021; 19(1): 2317-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2021.1.2317] [PMID: 33828623]
[58]
Fernández-Luque L, Bau T. Health and social media: Perfect storm of information. Healthc Inform Res 2015; 21(2): 67-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4258/hir.2015.21.2.67] [PMID: 25995958]
[59]
Islam MS, Kamal AM, Kabir A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine rumors and conspiracy theories: The need for cognitive inoculation against misinformation to improve vaccine adherence. PLoS One 2021; 16(5): e0251605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251605] [PMID: 33979412]
[60]
Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, et al. Low COVID-19 vaccine acceptance is correlated with conspiracy beliefs among university students in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(5): 2407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052407] [PMID: 33804558]
[61]
Wang K, Wong ELY, Ho KF, et al. Intention of nurses to accept coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination and change of intention to accept seasonal influenza vaccination during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey. Vaccine 2020; 38(45): 7049-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.021] [PMID: 32980199]
[62]
Xia S, Duan K, Zhang Y, et al. Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes: Interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials. JAMA 2020; 324(10): 951-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.15543] [PMID: 32789505]
[63]
Abu-Farha RK, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF. Public willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials: A study from Jordan. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14: 2451-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S284385] [PMID: 33363361]
[64]
Kitonsa J, Kamacooko O, Bahemuka UM, et al. Willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials; a survey among a population of healthcare workers in Uganda. PLoS One 2021; 16(5): e0251992.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251992] [PMID: 34043693]
[65]
Nyaoke BA, Mutua GN, Sajabi R, Nyasani D, Mureithi MW, Anzala OA. Volunteer motivators for participating in HIV vaccine clinical trials in Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS One 2017; 12(9): e0183788.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183788] [PMID: 28880880]
[66]
Rubin EJ, Baden LR, Morrissey S. Audio interview: New evidence on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine boosters. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(12): e48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2115200] [PMID: 34525292]
[67]
Vogel L, Duong D. What’s the evidence for COVID-19 booster shots? CMAJ 2021; 193(35): E1400-1.
[68]
Karlsson LC, Lewandowsky S, Antfolk J, et al. The association between vaccination confidence, vaccination behavior, and willingness to recommend vaccines among Finnish healthcare workers. PLoS One 2019; 14(10): e0224330.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224330] [PMID: 31671115]
[69]
Dubé E, Gagnon D, Ouakki M, et al. Canadian Immunization Research Network. Measuring vaccine acceptance among Canadian parents: A survey of the Canadian Immunization Research Network. Vaccine 2018; 36(4): 545-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.005] [PMID: 29233605]
[70]
Danchin MH, Costa-Pinto J, Attwell K, et al. Vaccine decision-making begins in pregnancy: Correlation between vaccine concerns, intentions and maternal vaccination with subsequent childhood vaccine uptake. Vaccine 2018; 36(44): 6473-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.003] [PMID: 28811050]
[71]
Masters NB, Tefera YA, Wagner AL, Boulton ML. Vaccine hesitancy among caregivers and association with childhood vaccination timeliness in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14(10): 2340-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1480242] [PMID: 29792555]
[72]
Eller NM, Henrikson NB, Opel DJ. Vaccine information sources and parental trust in their Child’s health care provider. Health Educ Behav 2019; 46(3): 445-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198118819716] [PMID: 30616381]
[73]
Shen SC, Dubey V. Addressing vaccine hesitancy: Clinical guidance for primary care physicians working with parents. Can Fam Physician 2019; 65(3): 175-81.
[PMID: 30867173]
[74]
Gotlib J, Sobierajski T, Jaworski M, et al. “Vaccinate, do not hesitate!”. Vaccination readiness against COVID-19 among polish nursing undergraduate students: A national cross-sectional survey. Vaccines 2021; 9(9): 1029.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091029] [PMID: 34579265]
[75]
Hernandez RG, Hagen L, Walker K, O’Leary H, Lengacher C. The COVID-19 vaccine social media infodemic: Healthcare providers’ missed dose in addressing misinformation and vaccine hesitancy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17(9): 2962-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1912551] [PMID: 33890838]
[76]
Li PC, Theis SR, Kelly D, et al. Impact of an education intervention on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a military base population. Mil Med 2021; usab363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab363] [PMID: 34557913]
[77]
Musa S, Dergaa I, Abdulmalik MA, Ammar A, Chamari K, Saad HB. BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among parents of 4023 young adolescents (12-15 years) in Qatar. Vaccines 2021; 9(9): 981.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090981] [PMID: 34579218]
[78]
Januszek SM, Faryniak-Zuzak A, Barnaś E, et al. The approach of pregnant women to vaccination based on a COVID-19. Syst Rev 2021; 57(9): 977.
[79]
Shawky S, Kubacki K, Dietrich T, Weaven S. Using social media to create engagement: A social marketing review. J Soc Mark 2019; 9(2): 204-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-05-2018-0046]
[80]
UAE. Vaccines against COVID-19 in the UAE 2021. Available from: https://u.ae/en/#/
[81]
UAE residents promote #TogetherWeRecover on social media. Available from: https://www.weqaya.ae/en/posts/uae-residents-promote-togetherwerecover-on-social-media
[82]
COVID 19 coronavirus: Advocacy group to tackle vaccination fears among Māori. 2021. Available from: https://nzherald.co.nz/kahu/covid-19-coronavirus-advocacy-group-to-tackle-vaccination-fears-among-māori/PSHHJR52RO15VNK2GAOJ464EWY
[83]
Thaker J, Floyd B. Shifting COVID-19 vaccine intentions in New Zealand: Next steps in the vaccination campaign. Western Pacific 2021; 15: 100278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100278] [PMID: 34549202]
[84]
Suliman DM, Nawaz FA, Mohanan P, et al. UAE efforts in promoting COVID-19 vaccination and building vaccine confidence. Vaccine 2021; 39(43): 6341-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.015] [PMID: 34561138]
[85]
CNBC. UAE floats movement restrictions on unvaccinated people, Abu Dhabi changes course on vaccine rollout, 2021. Available from: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/21/uae-suggests-movement-restrictions-on-unvaccinated-people.html
[86]
Pennings S, Symons X. Persuasion, not coercion or incentivisation, is the best means of promoting COVID-19 vaccination. J Med Ethics 2021; 47(10): 709-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-107076] [PMID: 33504627]
[87]
Afolabi AA, Ilesanmi OS. Dealing with vaccine hesitancy in Africa: The prospective COVID-19 vaccine context. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38: 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.38.3.27401] [PMID: 33520072]
[88]
French J, Deshpande S, Evans W, Obregon R. Key guidelines in developing a pre-emptive COVID-19 vaccination uptake promotion strategy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(16): E5893.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165893] [PMID: 32823775]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy